Innocence Taken Essay - 1805 Words

Innocence Taken In a world of violence and greed, parents are on the frontlines of a morality battle for the sake of their children. If they are not battling teen drug and alcohol abuse, these protectors of progeny constantly monitor for depression, sexual behavior, bad influences, and everything under the sun that could be in harms way of their offspring. There are many predators in the game of life that seek to manipulate and deceive these innocent juveniles for personal gains and selfish reasons. At a time when their childhood experiences are building the adult that they will become, many are out seeking to distort or pervert this outcome. â€Å"Childhood has long been recognized as a critical period in the development of many†¦show more content†¦Even worse was the fact that he had been accused several times of touching students and offering them money for sexual favors (Bridges). As for the priest, normally one that is respected as a spiritual leader and link to heaven above, he was caught molesting children when working in South Florida and was sent to work in Tampa were he again abused at least four more young boys (Kleinberg). But most despicable of all three is the group of Miami residents. This gaggle of disgust consisted of two men in their mid-50s and two women, ages forty-one and twenty-five. They made their living off of selling girls ranging from twelve to fifteen years young in a child prostitution ring (De Valle). If not for an anonymous tip, the group’s control and manipulation of these girls would have continued. Control, being a major issue for the pedophile, can be in the form money or expensive possessions that the child might not otherwise be able to attain. Sometimes drugs are used to â€Å"hook† them into returning to the source. Pedophiles even will go so far as to threaten the child with physical harm, shame, or lack of love to keep their silence. Going to extraordinary lengths, these predators major focus is to maintain the relationship as a secret due to the fact that it is against the law and they know the price that they will pay in jail if incarcerated. For those that do not know, pedophiles are normally badly beaten or killed in prison due to the nature of their crime.Show MoreRelated Misinterpretations of a Waltz in My Papa’s Waltz Essay662 Words   |  3 Pageskind of running or dancing (Interpretations 536). It is used the same way in this poem because Roethke wants the reader to understand that the boy was only seeing through eyes of innocence.    In the ending of the poem it becomes clearer that the boy is experiencing the dance of abuse. The dance is his innocence by not being able to realize that the abuse is wrong. The small boy describes that The hand that held my wrist / Was battered on one knuckle (9-10). The description that the boyRead MoreThe Flowers By Alice Walker1169 Words   |  5 Pages(Winchell 86). Walker uses metaphors and imagery to tell her stories in a way that makes her audience feel as if their living the characters life. In her short stories â€Å"The Flowers† Walker writes about a 10 year old girl name Myop, who loses her innocence after seeing a lynch man’s dead body, in the woods behind her parent’s cabin. ‘The Flowers† images the sense of being nearsighted to reality and losing a childhood that can never be replaced. (Walker experienced the loss of her childhood, the sameRead MoreCatcher in the Rye Theme Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pagesirony in the way he presents t he loss of innocence or the fall from innocence in his main character, Holden Caulfield. 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As a metaphor because, in itially, the author writes, to kill a mocking bad is a sinRead MoreThe God Of Nightmares By Paula Fox981 Words   |  4 Pagesregret losing our innocence. Do we remember the exact moment it happened? To me, innocence is the lack of awareness of people being untrustworthy and bad. The moment you realize that the world is not what you thought when you wore your rose colored glasses is very sad. We may wish we could go back and erase what we know or attempt to get back what was lost, but unfortunately that just cannot happen. God is an incorporeal being and the source of all moral obligations. Losing our innocence is about experiencesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Birches And Hanging Fire By Audre Lorde1348 Words   |  6 Pagesnever ending struggles children face when growing up. However, the speakers of the poems do share a common challenge in maintaining personal relationships throughout childhood and beyond. In â€Å"Birches†, the speaker thinks of childhood as a time of innocence, where everything is easy going and immaturity is acceptable. Instead of believing that the birches are being bent by ice storms, he likes to picture that they are like that due to an adventurous, carefree child. He specifically says, â€Å"I shouldRead MoreAnalysis Of Mikhall Kalotozov s I Am Cuba Loose A Sense Of What Of The Meaning Of Life1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe protagonists in Mikhall Kalotozov’s I am Cuba loose a sense of what of the meaning of life but also mainly themselves. Throughout the film there is a rollercoaster of constant reoccurring loss of innocence but once again is brought back since each character is started off as an innocent. To be innocent means to be pure of heart and without guilt. An innocent person has not done any wrong. It ties into the film because each of the three of the personas start off with the smile but is soon strippedRead MoreLoss of Innocence in Sarah ´s Key1747 Words   |  7 PagesLoss of Innocence A child is known for having innocence, and bad experiences strip kids of it. In Sarah’s Key by Tatiana De Rosnay, experiences cause a loss of innocence due to loss of freedom, loss of hope, and loss of family. Freedom is a right that allows humans to live life to the fullest. In society when a child has no basic rights of freedom, it causes them to grow up and lose their innocence. In Sarah’s Key, Sirka describes how she feels at the camp: â€Å"The girl noticed a handfulRead MoreThe Chimney Sweeper Essay765 Words   |  4 Pageshis poem which gives the reader a better understanding of the message he is trying to convey. As well, Blake’s use of colors and adjectives provides the reader contrast between innocence, freedom and death. 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Sample Police Report Free Essays

The text below is an example of a police report. Notice the following points about it: * It is written in clear, simple English. * Dates, times and other details are recorded as precisely as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Police Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Find some examples of these. ) * The â€Å"register† (i. e. the level of language) is formal. For example, there are no short forms such as â€Å"didn’t† and no colloquial words such as â€Å"nicked†. Similarly, the formal word â€Å"purchased† is used instead of â€Å"bought†. What other examples can you find? * The report is impersonal. The writer focusses on the events and the evidence, not on his own thoughts or feelings. Case Number: VT 05/04/01/3462 Incident: Vehicle Theft Reporting Officer: Constable Ranjit Singh Date of Report: 05 April 2001 At about 1040 hours on 5th April 2001, I met with Ms. Vanessa Price at 61 South Chorley Drive regarding a vehicle theft. Ms. Price said she parked her car by a parking meter outside Chorley Leisure Centre at about 0945 hours and went into a nearby shop to return a faulty torch she had purchased the previous day. She said that when she returned to the leisure centre at about 1000 hours, she discovered her car was missing. Ms. Price described her car as a maroon, 1999 Mitsubishi Eclipse with a black convertible roof. The car registration number is GTL-682-P. She estimated the value of the car at  £8,500 and said there were no distinguishing marks or items. Ms. Price told me she locked the car, but she does not have the keys. She now believes she may have left the keys in the boot lock after removing the faulty torch from the boot. Ms. Price said she gave no one permission to take her car, and she is up to date with her loan repayments. I conducted a survey of the crime scene but found no items of evidence. I saw no broken glass in the area, and there were no items to retrieve or photograph. I obtained a sworn statement from Ms. Price and provided her with the case number and Information Leaflet 99/07 (â€Å"What to do when your car is stolen†). I entered the vehicle into the station database as a stolen vehicle. I also searched the area but was unable to find the vehicle. How to cite Sample Police Report, Papers

National Culture and Public Service Motivation †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the National Culture and Public Service Motivation. Answer: Introduction The research paper argues upon national culture and management behaviour. National culture defines the values, norms and obligation of the nation that represent it beyond the boundaries. Management behaviour is managing the behaviour of the individual in various situations which will, at last, contribute in building the national culture. The objective of the research is to bring out the relativity among the national culture and management behaviour. The research paper is professionally designed. First of all the problem is been identified and after that piloting of particular problem is done to figure out whether the issue actually exists and researching upon it will be worthwhile or not. On understanding the problem thoroughly and confirming its existence the objective is quoted along with the scope of the project. Research questions are developed which are answered in the literature review followed by research methodology adopted to conduct the research. On collecting the data its analysis is made and research limitation is constructed to note down the mistakes and not repeating it in the future. At last, the conclusion is drawn which briefly elucidates the crux of the entire research paper. In nutshell, the research paper is all about national culture and behaviour management which is linked by taking the example of Dominos and how the national culture and behaviour management affects an individual life and thereby the nation as a whole. The main aim of conducting this research is to know about the national culture and management behaviour. The research paper argues over the relativity of national culture and management behaviour by understanding the cultural dimensions and the role of management behaviour in Dominos thereby bring out the dependency of national culture over management behaviour and vice versa (Impact, n.d.). This research will assist in knowing about the national culture and how it affects the behaviour and how such behaviour could be managed for benefiting the nation as a whole. The objective will be fulfilled and this might help the researcher in their future aspect as well in learning about the culture and implementing the same in the organisations where they are working or will work in the near future. The research will help in improving the organisational culture and building up the bond between two or more nation thereby enhancing the growth of the countries (Mind genius, 2017). Research questions are the motive that is to be fulfilled in the entire research. They are the questions which are to be researched on or they are the problems that will be resolved at the end of research. The researcher would get their answer after conducting the research. The particular paper argues upon the national culture and management behaviour. The research questions that need to be answered are as follows: What is the relativity between national culture and management behaviour? How management behaviour helps in developing the organisation and nation as a whole? Literature review According to Kim (2015), national culture involves the values and beliefs that a nation holds. It describes the traditions and norms that a country follows and they are they become the symbolic representation of the particular nation. These cultures and values depict about the behaviour and thoughts of the people that help in making a decision and inculcating the policies accordingly. National cultures are shared values that an individual carry with them wherever they have been, in any corner of the world (Kim, 2015). It is the combination of knowledge, experience, values, beliefs, meanings and attitude of people towards other, concept of time, the notion of the universe, rules and material objects (IGI global, 2017). On analysing many countries and studying the norms and values national culture is bifurcated in the 6 dimensions: Collectivist and individual framework, power distance, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long term orientation and indulgence. These dimensions are briefl y discussed below: Individualism: In individualism, people are independent to perform anything and are not bound by others activity. It is not actually concerned with the egoistic point of view. It supports the independent choices and admires the decision making at the individual level concerning about ones own thought and perception regarding a particular situation. As per Malaterre Foucreault (2016), collectivism works socially carrying everybody along with and this makes the individual interdependent upon the societal decision, in such situation, the independent thoughts could not be entertained and people get bound with the dominating ideas of others (Malaterre Foucreault, 2016). Power distance: In power distance, the one holding the less power tends to think that unequal distribution of power has been undertaken. They not only expect such things but either accept the one. The small group is been created and people get to know each other within the relevant time and appropriate leadership carries on as each one addresses to their leaders and members of the group. In large organisation attention towards each cannot be paid which leads to an ill feeling among one another and disturbances appear when equal attention is not paid individually (Geert Hofstede, n.d.). Masculinity: Masculinity defines the distributed roles as per the gender. Where more masculinity is emphasised the completion tends to be high having more enthusiasm related to the organisation carrying more of the masculinity approach. Such organisations are ambitious enough to acquire power and establish the high position. All those organisations that do not support the masculinity too much extent generally do not believe in gender biases and give priority to building up the relationship within the organisation (Vitell et.al, 2016). Long term oriented: The society is divided into 2 portions the short term oriented and long term oriented. The short term oriented believes in maintaining relations by spreading the cultural norms, values and beliefs and view the time in circular motion. They oscillate between past and present. The belief behind this is the work that is left incomplete in past will be completed in the present as all these are connected with one another. The long term approaches are future oriented and believe in gaining higher position and ensure the growth and development criteria. Indulgence: It focuses on fulfilling the needs of the members and approving their desires keeping the soft and generous corner towards members and emphasising over building up the relations and maintain it to create a healthy environment. As opposed to it is a restrained approach which does not bother much about relationships and follows the social rules and regulations that curb the satisfaction level and make members work oriented having no connection with one another. It demotivates the calm and soothing feeling and promotes strictness and stress. Uncertainty: This is the situation that focuses on the unpredictable circumstances. In this kind of situation, the unexpected causes occur which could be risky. These might be because of changing scenario and international dynamism in trends, taste and fashion. Such situation enhances the decision making power of the members and improve the quality of decision and increases the power to opt the risky situations. The more risk, the profit earning. Those industries which stand on a high index of uncertainty are rigid and do not welcome changes thus they are likely to stay underdeveloped. Those industries that are loose and stand low of uncertainty index are highly adaptable to changes and will, grow in a tremendous manner. These dimensions widen up the scope of decision making and enhancement of culture. They undertake the personality, attitude, behaviour, personal wealth, family history and values. Since the individual thought varies and are unpredictable in nature therefore independent individual personalities are not taken into consideration (Telelangue, 2011). It denotes the multi-cultural event that prevails in the country and an organisation as well. The management behaviour states organisational culture beyond the boundaries. After the globalisation situation has occurred the trade barriers were removed and import-export was motivated which enhances the companys revenue as well as contribute towards the countrys GDP. Also the change in organisational culture depicts the divergent people from distinct places carrying various cultures, traditions, language, working condition and living style. It is important for the organisation to understand this cross-culture and construct the organisational policies accordingly. Each member of the employee is obliged to pay equal respect to individual and help each other to cope up with the environment to create generosity. Build up the healthy relations within the organisation which will automatically result in improving relations beyond the boundary and strengthening the business of countries who all are indulged in the export import business (Cross culture, 2015). Linking National culture with Management Behaviour To clarify the management behaviour and organisational culture Dominos example will be suitable. Dominos is the largest pizza chain that exists in the world. Also it had numerous franchising running successfully across the world. In order to develop the business and flourish each and every outlet of it, first of all the culture of the particular country where the establishment is made should be thoroughly learned along with its legal policies, social norms, values and tradition of the country (Dominos, n.d.). In nutshell to open up the new franchisee or running the existing one national culture of the particular country need to be analysed and evaluated and actions should be formulated accordingly. The organisational culture also affects the organisational structure which inculcates the flow of information and passing on the authority and making delegations accordingly. The people working at Dominos are knowledgeable and aware of distinct peoples taste, trend, culture and values. The y fairly follow the national culture by providing healthy food and maintain the hygiene level to the utmost. They take care of nutritional value and promising the quick delivery which is USP of the organisation that satisfy the consumer and enhances loyalty (Dominos, 2015). Research methodology defines the entire criteria undertaken for conducting the research. It involves the problem identification, piloting, study upon the problem, data collection, interpretation of data, analysing and evaluating the data and finally implementing the data to derive the desired and worthy result. The data collection technique consists of two parts i.e. primary data and secondary data which could also be quoted as qualitative and quantitative methods which are also used in data analysis (Research methodology, 2017). 6.1 Primary data: It defines the first-hand data collection. Such data are collected personally through feedback forms, filling up the questionnaires, direct interview with people and experts and collecting data by conducting the campaign. They are mostly conducted when the research is related to the expansion of business or live market-related topic where the opinion of consumers and other people matters and solutions are gained accordingly. The platform where thoughts of other people matter at that position primary data is been used. 6.2 Secondary data: The secondary data is second-hand data collection technique. In this data collection method, the research paper earlier made by different authors and experts are collected and studied to find out the information and then including the own perspective and linking it with the earlier studies to develop new concept and theories. Examples of it are magazines, newspaper, articles, journals and book by the authorised author. This technique is adopted when scientific, analytical and intellectual research is been carried out (Community medicine, 2013). Concerning about the particular research moreover secondary research is been conducted by studying the articles and journals of the experts and authors and making out own perception to deliver the facts. The data collected is from the websites, journals and articles on the topic are intellectual and analytical. Thus, as quoted above secondary collection technique will be used. Still, for further clarity, the interviews with people are also conducted to know their views and opinions. Data analysis The data analysis is scrutinizing of the information collected and to check whether the data collected is correct or not? Is the research following the correct plan? The primary data is analysed through SPSS software or the questionnaire is evaluated in the Google forms and charts, graphs get created automatically in the excel sheet. There are certain techniques to analyse the data by using the chi-square, regression, correlation, t-test, f-test and ANOVA. The secondary data is analysed by determining whether the information collected is authentic or not. The relevance of information with the project is been calculated. Interpretation of the data is done for creating better understanding. Cross-analysis is made in order to bring clarity regarding what is happening and why is this happening? Also, the recommendations, ideas, suggestions and judgement is been given over the research topic to debate upon it and widen up the knowledge area. Gaining surety about the research objective and critically evaluate the data to reach the better and worthwhile conclusion (Study, 2017). In the following research, the data is been collected through the secondary sources and the analysis is been made. The analysis is made through creating the own understanding and bringing out the relevance of national culture and management behaviour. The relationship of both is explained by supporting it with the example of Dominos. Cross-analysis is also made along with rendering a certain recommendation to clarify the idea of the research paper and answering the research questions. Findings are the ultimate result of the research and it fulfils the objective for which the research is been conducted. It is derived from analysing the data and studying the solution thoroughly to bring out the relevance. Findings and discussion help in widening up the area of knowledge. It explains all those problems that arise before performing the research. It is the brief summary of the results that are found and it is the ultimate limit of the research being conducted. Through findings the new achievements, observations and thoughts get developed, things become easy to explain and change the current scenario (Azar, 2006). In this research following are the findings: National culture is something that represents the country beyond the boundaries and helps to explore it by the way of its tradition, values and origin. The 6 dimensions of culture help in analysing the countries and organisations situation as well. Things could be judged by implementing these dimensions and choosing the right path which fulfils the social obligations along with profit motive and building relationship among different countries. The management behaviour assists in bringing improvisations in the organisation to construct better policies and bring it into practice. Both the national culture and management behaviour are interrelated with each other. Better the culture better more will be the chances of development. Dominos is the largest pizza chain and consists of better understanding in the term of organisational culture and cross-culture behaviour. The organisation has successfully balanced the national culture and companys growth which turns to the development of the country as well by improving the GDP. Research Limitation The research limitation in the research limitation in the research paper is those drawbacks that occurred while conducting the research. If these points would not have aroused the research could be more authentic and areas of knowledge could be more diversified. These limitations help in analysing the demerits and making sure that the mistakes happened at this point in time will not be repeated in the near future. But the positive sign of limitation could be signified by the saying which goes like this: mistakes are the sign that the person is trying (Leard, 2012). Therefore the limitations associated with this research paper are: Primary data is not given much emphasis only secondary data is preferred. The data analysis made is through cross-analysis and self interpretation which may not be completely authentic. Since the data is collected from the magazines, newspaper, previous research paper and books thus, there are chances that reliability to the data is less. The research plan is the time table of the entire research. It is the plan which researcher had to follow so as to conduct the correct research and timely finish it up. It starts with the identification of the problem and ends it up with the conclusions. It is the date sheet where time and task is mentioned as researcher needs to adhere to it (University of Michigan, 2017). The action plan is been constructed and diagrammatically it is represented through the Gantt chart. Action plan Serial no. Activities Initiation Date Duration (in days) Completion Date 1 Problem identification 7th August 2017 1 7th August 2017 2 Setting up the objective 8th August 2017 1 8th August 2017 3 Research questions 9th August 2017 1 9th August 2017 4 Literature review 10th August 2017 5 14th August 2017 5 Research methodology 15th August 2017 7 21stAugust 2017 6 Data analysis 22nd August 2017 3 24th August 2017 7 Findings 25th August 2017 2 26th August 2017 8 Conclusion 27th August 2017 1 27th August 2017 Gantt chart Aug-17 Serial no. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Conclusion Therefore, from the entire research, it could be cultivated that national culture and management behaviour are interlinked. The national culture depicts the values, norms, traditions and culture of the country. These are the culture that attracts the foreign market and people to visit once and establish the organisation franchise, joint venture or merger-acquisition with different countries which will grow the relationship between the two or more countries. The management behaviour is the organisational culture that varies from country to country and organisation to organisation and balance between the national and organisational norms has to be made for simultaneous growth. Lastly, the efforts are made to relate national culture with the behaviour management to create improvisation and for this, the example of the Dominos has been used to clarify the idea and bring out connectivity and interdependence of one another. References Azar. B., 2006, Discussing your findings, viewed on 27th August 2017, https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2006/01/findings.aspx. Community medicine, 2013, Types of Data: primary and secondary data, viewed on 27th August 2017, https://communitymedicine4asses.wordpress.com/2013/01/07/types-of-data-primary-and-secondary-data/. Cross culture, 2015, The Lewis model- dimensions of behaviour, viewed on 30th August 2017, https://www.crossculture.com/latest-news/the-lewis-model-dimensions-of-behaviour/. Dominos, 2015, Culture, viewed on 30th August 2017. https://jobs.dominos.com.au/our-company/culture. Dominos, n.d., About us, viewed on 30th August 2017, https://www.dominos.co.in/about-us. Geert Hofstede, n.d., The 6-D model of national culture, viewed on 25th August 2017, https://geerthofstede.com/culture-geert-hofstede-gert-jan-hofstede/6d-model-of-national-culture/. IGI Global, 2017, What is national culture, viewed on 25th August 2017, https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/national-culture/19905. Impact, n.d., What is project objective? viewed on 26th August 2017, https://impact.zewo.ch/en/impact/step1_define_objectives/project_objective. Kim. S., 2015, National culture and public service motivation: investigating the relationship using Hofstedes five cultural dimensions, viewed on 26th August 2017, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0020852315596214. Leard, 2012, Structure- how to structure the research limitations section of your dissertation, viewed on 27th August 2017, https://dissertation.laerd.com/how-to-structure-the-research-limitations-section-of-your-dissertation.php. Malaterre. A.O., Foucreault.A., 2016, Cross-national work-life research, viewed on 26th August 2017. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0149206316655873. Mind genius, 2017, Develop a project scope statement, viewed on 26th August 2017, https://www.mindgenius.com/Resources/Documents/Process-Improvement/Project-Scope-Statement-with-MindGenius.aspx. Research methodology, 2016, Types of Research Methods, viewed on 27th August 2017, https://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/research-types/. Study, 2017, Secondary data analysis: methods and advantages, viewed on 26th August 2017, https://study.com/academy/lesson/secondary-data-analysis-methods-advantages.html . Telelangue, 2011, Geert Hofstede and cultural-dimensions theory-an overview, viewed on 25th August 2017, https://news.telelangue.com/en/2011/09/cultural-theory. University of Michigan, 2017, Research proposals- plan or approach, viewed on 27th August 2017, https://orsp.umich.edu/research-proposals-plan-or-approach. Vitell. S.J., et.al, 2016, Spirituality, moral identity, and consumer ethics: a multi-cultural study, Journal of Business Ethics, vol.139, no.1, p.p. 147-160. Word press, 2015, Geert Hofstede: the 6 Dimensions of NationalCulture, viewed on 25th August 2017, https://h00247879.wordpress.com/2015/09/26/hofstedes-six dimensions/.

Relative Roles of State and Ngos in Community Development with Respect to Housing as Service Delivery Essay Example

Relative Roles of State and Ngos in Community Development with Respect to Housing as Service Delivery Essay What are the developments options the state and the Non-governmental organisations have performed for the Peddie Extension area with regard to the housing delivery. Aims and Objectives of the study: Two aims and objectives have been identified for this study, namely to: * assess whether the stakeholders from the community are satisfied with the housing delivery process and how they have benefitted from the process. * Understand, and analyse the roles played by the state in housing delivery and Non-governmental organisations in service delivery for the rural poor in Peddie Extension.When a state attempts to employ strategies to reduce poverty, to provide necessary service delivery, to involve the poor in their communities in development decision making and resource allocation, it is probable to find its normal and suggested mechanisms inadequate. Additionally when the state endavours to develop the communities by providing with economic policy, basic services and infrastructure, but i s rarely targeted toward rural areas and people. Within the context, more is being asked whether the contribution of voluntarily sector to development provides more emphasis on poverty reduction, a community and participatory development.As the state endavours to develop communities, the social, economic and political environment created an operational environment for the NGOs. Literature on Non-governmental organizations indicates that NGOs have played a major role in an attempt to secure the protection of human rights nationally and internationally. Chakawarika (2011) argues that, the existence of NGOs is proving to be a necessity rather than a luxury in societies throughout the modern world. It is evident that in many developing countries, the role of NGOs has evolved in response to the market gaps left by the government (Gaist: 2009).Impelled by the inadequacies of the state and the market, citizens across the globe have developed NGOs to deal with a diversity of social needs. C onsequently, it could be argued that NGOs are increasingly identified as crucial role-players in community and people-centred development. Gaist (2009) indicates that the NGOs have frequently been regarded as very important for democracy since they have a strong support at grassroots level and their ability to develop and empower poor communities. This is a well-needed attribute in Zimbabwe as most of the communities are beyond being poor.Nzimakwe (2002) also supported this nature of NGOs saying they are enormously vital mechanisms in rural development as they benefit from the goodwill and reception of the community, consequently the NGOs have become very crucial players in the field of social development. There are other researchers who have conceptualized development such as Manuel Castells who was a sociologist who has theorised about the information age. His emphasis on development is mainly on the economic, political and cultural aspects.His major claim relevant to this study i s that, because of the rise of the information age, individual states are no longer able to do what is needed to develop the citizens of their individual countries. He is therefore very pessimistic about the role of the state as agent for development. 2. THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The issue of service delivery in Eastern Cape has become the point of interest in the past few years in South Africa. The Bill of Rights embodied in the South African Constitution (Act No. 108 of 1996) (RSA, 1996) states in section 24 that: ‘Everyone has the right to have adequate housing’.Consequently authorities are increasingly confronted with challenges to increase the delivery of houses to citizens. Scholars (Irurah and Boshoff, 2003) argue that, the delivery has not been followed through in implementation in various sectors of the economy. It is essential that these challenges be addressed by making use of correct implementation knowledge, proper analysis and evaluation policies of hous ing delivery. There is no public service can be rendered without suitable governing and administrative arrangements.Millions of historically disadvantaged South Africans, however, still live in rural communities or informal settlements that lack basic shelter and other services (Lawson, 1991). The Eastern Cape housing department provides the legislative and constitutional mandate to provide houses to the poor rural citizens of this province. It stands to reason that, citizens of this province would have access to decent and adequate houses. Rendering of housing services by government has resulted in uncompleted and defective houses due to inexperienced contractors providing poor workmanship and corruption in the housing programmes.Consequently, the state interventions of attempting to provide basic service delivery such as housing delivery in rural areas have been largely ineffective. Castell (2000:92) argues that some obstacles for development come from government bureaucracies. Ho wever, the latter, is only possible when the government policies are haphazard and an approach to community development is uncoordinated. Thus far, there are comprehensive national housing policies to really guide developments.After 1994 the ANC-led government embarked on housing delivery programme to rectify the past imbalances and this hampers the provision of housing in post-Apartheid South Africa. This provision enhanced human settlement development nationally, provincially and locally to meet the needs of South African citizens. These include, among others, expressing housing policies, confirming adequate access to relevant information so that citizens and civil society can mobilise around housing rights, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation of housing progress and implementation (â€Å"Expanding Socio-Economic Rights and Access to Housing, 29 October 2003, p. ). African communities from urban areas benefited from housing delivery as they were entitled to have title deeds of the houses they lived in and some have their houses built. In contrast, black rural communities were not part of the planning and development decisions that affect the quality of their lives as a result, the state did not build houses for people from rural areas. Consequently, the government has been criticised by many dissatisfied South Africans, politicians and the media. Some criticisms were mainly from the media highlighting the corruption, mismanagement with regard to community projects as well as poor service delivery.According to the state which remains as the major protectors and abusers of human rights, NGOs have materialised as central players in the promotion of human rights around the world. Varona (2006) further argue that, citizens felt that there is a need for organising NGOs to develop alternative strategies and acquire new skills and capabilities in order to facilitate this access to housing, serviced land and basic services as lately, for informal settlements to ge t the attention of government in their bid for housing and land tenure, a presentation of concrete development plans, studies and options for housing development is needed.A year after 2006 local government elections, the Minister of Safety and Security reported some 5085 protests against unskilled and corrupt local government nationwide (Robert, 2007: 14). It stands to reason that, there is an escalation of corruption and squandering of resources by government officials and of which result on poor service delivery. In Philippines for instance Varona (2006) argue that inefficient government housing programs has aggravated and made poor communities lose confidence in an ability of the government to provide for basic services like housing and serviced land.Marie Huchzermeyer (2003) points out that, it is the lack of formal rights that allows for exploitation by politicians, by irresponsible or even repressive bureaucracies, and by informally operating groups or individuals in the cont rol over land, access to services, commercial activities, etc. Some researchers indicate that black rural communities have been excluded from participating in the conceptualisation process, planning and development decisions that affect the quality of their lives.Miraftab (2003) advocates that critics point out that viewed in this way, community participation may indeed ameliorate communities’ immediate problems but seldom then continues beyond the life of the specific projects and does not result in any greater community influence in decision making. As a result of that, the rural communities do not actively participate in local governance. 3. THE PROBLEM STATEMENT The purpose of this study is to show that the state has not been performing or has performed poorly in its role as provider of houses in the rural areas of Ngqushwa Local Municipality in Peddie Extension.Therefore, rural citizens are left with no other option than to make use of alternative building, their houses built with mud of which are sometimes not safe and secure. The absence of the decent houses has the risk involve to citizens namely, catching cold and storms outbreak. This problem is predominant in the remote rural areas. In some areas foundations of houses have been laid or walls are built for almost years but no roofs, windows or doors. But there are elected politicians, NGO officials and appointed officials who are supposed to be role-players for the benefit of the citizens.Theirs is to play the role of local government in terms of community development and service delivery as mandated by the constitution. They need to be able to deal with the challenges confronting the local government with regard to service delivery. It stands to reason that, community involvement in decision making is vital during planning. If community participation is neglected or limited then planning and delivery will experience implementation problem.Other problem that has been identified with regard to officials is a lack of understanding of the service delivery processes as well as lack in capability to administrative work. It is thus clear that there is a fundamental problem of rendering service delivery in Peddie Extenstion by incompetent local and non-government officials who do not play their essential roles in satisfying the demand for rural community development. It is thus evident that the municipal officials hamper the implementation processes of the housing delivery provided by the state policies.Consequently they fail to satisfy the demand for the sustainable housing service. 4. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the community development programmess the state and Non-governmental organisations have implemented for the Peddie Extension with regard to the housing delivery service? 5. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY * To assess whether the community members from the Peddie Extension are satisfied with the housing delivery process and how they have benefitted from the process. Un derstand, and analyse the roles played by the state and Non-governmental organisations in housing delivery for the rural poor in Peddie Extension. 6. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The study will be limited to the Ngqushwa area particularly in Peddie Extension. The intention is to look at community with rural geographical location. Participants in this study will be voluntary. Thus, factors that may limit this study may include access to information, time, travelling funds, unwillingness of participant and insufficient literature on the specific study. 7. THE LITERATURE OF THE STUDYService delivery programmes played an important role in the development of South Africa. The housing sector this is particularly significant as the delivery of housing to low-income communities has been one of the key programmes of the South African government since 1994 (Irurah and Boshoff, 2003). Housing delivery in Eastern Cape in particular which is mostly rural, is forced by a various challenging issues. Pr imarily the Apartheid government has focused only to the white people, the African people in rural areas were almost forgotten, hence the backlog.As a result, this backlog and other challenges overlapped into the present state. Castells (1996) also wishes to demonstrate the role of information technology in transforming the whole economic, social and cultural environment of our times. Researchers such as (Cassier and Kesteloot, 2012) stress that in an information society, there are increasing inequalities that bring about intensifying processes of economic globalisation, capital and labour flexibility and welfare restructuring. Information society, however, is empowered by capital rules in financial form.It stands to reason that the information age comprises of unevenness of development, of the new inequalities and deprivations. Castells claims a new society has risen as a result of the information technology revolution, the economic crisis of capitalism and statism (communism) and the blooming of new social movements like environmentalism and feminism. He argues that more of the worldwide communication is happening through the electronic media, like social networks, electronic mails, cellular phone and so forth.And this network society is global, it is based on global networks and it manifests itself in many forms of production systems and new culture. Castells indicates that, together these three processes are causing a new social structure ‘ a network society’, a new economy ‘a global informational economy’ and a new culture ‘a culture of real virtuality ( in van Dijk, 2001). Harding (2006) argues that multifaceted virtual culture, enforces powerful economic decisions at every moment in the life of the network. Castells’ focus and ideas about development contradicts with those of neo-liberals and neo-Marxists.He focuses on the economic as well as the political and cultural aspects of development while neoliberalsâ€⠄¢ view of development as about the shift of control of the economy from the ‘public sector’ to the ‘private sector’. The philosophy behind neoliberalism is to maximise the role of the private sectors. In essence the aim of neoliberalism is to strive for national success in terms of the global market and that social life should be determined by the market which can be considered to be the best design for the society. Neoliberals also encourage the maximization of contract as well as the entrepreneurial precepts.It also resulted into the forms of work contracts, such as temporary, part-time, contract, and casual workers (Peck, 1996:119) Globalization and neoliberalism are sometimes used interchangeably, if one could argue under the notion of making the economic structure in an outline of a uniform, that is, interconnection of nations through trading. In addition, the keywords between globalization and the neoliberalism are, ‘global capitalism’ a nd ‘privatization’. Neo-liberal restructuring is central to the globalisation process which demands free-market, privatisation, externalisation, casualisation, and more.Conversely, Holm and Sorensen (1995:4) define globalization as the intensification of economic, political, social and cultural relations across borders. Globalisation is made to be valid and it is not seen as an economic aspect, however; one could argue that it is a new phase of capitalism. Harding (2006) adds on what Castells propounds on that the new flexibility offered to capital by information technology is intimately linked to the accelerating progress of globalization, permitting capitalists to keep down labour costs while exploiting emerging markets.Moreover, ideology serves as tool belief with a great political influence to make neoliberalism and globalization acceptable. On the other hand neo-Marxism focuses the most on the social inequalities and it shows the uprising of opposition that counter s inequalities. This theory arose from the work of Karl Marx and it is for the ideas of Max Weber who have theorized on social inequalities for example status and power. Neo-Marxism theory view class division as more important than gender or sex division or issues of race and ethnicity.Moreover Neo-Marxism theory seeks to reveal the hegemony of the dominant class which results to political power. Castells attributes that indeed, the vanguard social and cultural values are in the very design innovations that powered and shaped the oncoming technological revolution (Harding, 2006). There exists what is known as the policy making which is a large sector of elite control within government whereby the corporate community consisting of the upper class work hand in hand in overlapping spheres of economic and political entities (Domhoff,1990: 105).The economy is considered as a fundamental strong point of any society (Livingston, 1939: 53) as people are dependent on an income for basic surv ival necessities, thus if the government favours policies which inadvertently co-operate with the views of the corporate power then the needy are inevitably cared for and corporate elitist take on roles of leadership within the community (Domhoff 2006: 103). 8. FOCUS STUDY AREA The Ngqushwa Municipality is in the ex-homeland an area of the Ciskei. It has only one small town and the majority of the population live in rural areas.Consequently they live in traditional dwellings made of wattle and mud bricks. A large number of citizens build their own dwellings using their own labour and local materials. The most common houses or brick structure are on separate stand or yard, which applies to rural settings. High levels of poverty and difficulties prevails throughout the country, in urban and rural areas alike, due to high levels of unemployment and severe shortages of formal housing. Most members in rural community would not have access to credit for the construction of dwellings in co mmunal or informal tenure areas. 9.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This will provide an understanding in which the methodology will be used in this study. In this study, it will cover the essence of research design, data collection and data analysis. 9. 1 RESEARCH DESIGN Research design is concerned with defining the type of study to be assumed to produce the intended results. The research design is a key element in its success. Leedy (1997) states that the design process is the planning of the research and includes visualization of the data and problems associated with the use of those data in achieving the results of the research project.The study will make use of an empirical research design which will be informed by the literature review and analysis. Qualitative research is descriptive in that the researcher is interested in process, meaning, and understanding gained through words or pictures. According to Leedy (2001:191) descriptive survey involves distinguishing the characteristics of something. He further suggests that descriptive method is suitable for data obtained from observation. Qualitative researchers are concerned primarily with process, rather than outcomes or products.Struwig and Stead (2001:12) identify that qualitative researchers are very interested in understanding the issues being researched from the perspective of the research participants. The quantitative principles are based on the view that the world is organised and bound by rules. Also quantitative research seeks to use the existing data to analyse the given data in order to validate the representations with regard to the role of state and NGOs in development. Quantitative research makes perfectly clear that seeks to employ mathematical and statistical models pertaining phenomenon.The reason for using quantitative research, intends to understand participants’ experience pertaining to challenges of housing delivery in Peddie Extension by describing housing project management which res ulted in poor or better quality of housing delivery service. It also brings about the broader understanding of the effectiveness of the state or NGOs in rural housing delivery to develop the community. 9. 2 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The data to be used in this paper will be developed from both primary and secondary sources.Primary data The primary data will come from in-depth interviews with grass-roots members of community and government officials. The reason to focus on government officials is that they have detailed information and knowledge on housing delivery. Representatives from non-governmental organisations could be interviewed so as to acquire a broader understanding of the social and political relations in Peddie Extension. Observations and photographs will be used to collect more primary data. Secondary dataThis information will be collected through quantitative approach by describing the state and NGOs’ effectiveness in the issues of service delivery in rural areas. A desk study and network research will be employed to review more additional data from archival documents, housing legislations, policies and programmes in government housing interventions. And from resource relevant databases, related case studies, researches, surveys and publications. The quantitative data on housing delivery will be obtained from the local state municipality offices.The other data will be attained through analysis of relevant sources focusing on housing delivery, statistics, housing policy, frameworks, process and practice and other official reports on housing programmes or projects. 10. TIME FRAMES AND BUDGET To make the study to have meaningful analysis with regard to the role of the non-governmental organisations and state, the study will be based on collaboration between NGOs, government officials and other participant in housing delivery projects during the period April to October 2013 in the Ngqushwa rural area.The rationale for this period will be a ffected by factors such as financial constraints and the nature of the study. 11. OUTLINES OF CHAPTERS Chapter one will be concerned with an introduction to the study which describes and explains the background, problem statement, research questions, objectives, necessity, study plan, limitations of the study, and the definition of words and terms used in the study. Chapter two will provide a literature review of study, framework, concepts and theories which are concerned with community development.Theories that describe the role of the state and NGOs in service deliver. The challenges of grow of homelessness of rural community members as revealed by poverty; lack of access to basic services, facilities and lack of participation of communities in decision-making in the poor communities. Chapter three will outline the research methodology; define the research techniques, data collecting instruments, and the analysis techniques. Chapter four will represent the data presentation, analy sis and interpretation and will provide the criteria for analysis and the actual analysis.Chapter five will deal with the conclusion and will summarise the findings and deductions made in the preceding chapters. Specific inadequacies and problem areas in the role of state and NGOs in community development services will be explained and recommendations to remedy such situation and future actions will be provided.

Politics Essay Example

Politics Essay Example Politics Essay Politics Essay Political Science is the systematic study of the state and government. The word political is derived from the Greek polis, meaning a city, of what today would be equivalent of sovereign state. Science comes from the Latin score, to know Scope of Political Science: 1 _ Political theory 2. Public Law 3. Public Administration Political Theory It refers to the inure body of doctrines relating to the rolling, form, behavior, and purposes of the state are dealt with the study of political theory. Public Law the (a) organization of governments, (b) the limitations upon government authority, (c) the powers and duties of governmental offices and officers, and (d) the obligations of one state to another are handled In the study of public law. Private Laws are the one which govern the relations among individuals, public law is so specialized that separate courses offered in each of its subdivisions, namely: (a) constitutional law, (b) administrative law, and (c) international Law. Public Administration attention Is focused upon methods and techniques used branches of government. N. B, today, legislative bodies have been forced to delegate greater discretion to executive officers responsible for the conduct of government policies and powers. Thus we find many administrative agencies exercising quasi-legislative and quasi- judicial powers. Interrelationship of Political Science with other branches of learning: History History is past politics and politics is present history. Political Scientist adopts a historical approach and employs knowledge of the past when he seeks to interpret present and probable developments in political phenomena. 2. Economics Refers to the study of production, distribution, and conservation, and consumption of wealth. Political Scientist adopts an economic approach when seeking to interpret matters like public financial policies and government regulation of business. 3. Geography Geopolitics It is concerned with the study of the influences of physical factors such as population pressures, sources of raw materials, geography, etc. Upon domestic and foreign politics. 4. Sociology anthropology It is deeply concerned with the origins and nature of social control and governmental authority, with the abiding influences of race and culture upon society, with the patterns of collective human behavior. 5. Psychology It promotes studies of the mental and emotional processes motivating the political behavior of individuals and groups. Particular topics under this are: public pinion, pressure groups, and propaganda. 6. Philosophy in academic philosophy and also to the political scientist. 7. Statistics and Logic Political theorist must have abroad background knowledge of current political problems and he must employ scientific methods in gathering and evaluating the data in drawing conclusions. 8. Jurisprudence This branch of public law is concerned with the analysis of existing legal systems also with the ethical, historical, sociological, psychological foundations of law. Concepts of State Meaning of the State State is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control. Elements of State: 1. People 2. Territory 3. Government 4. Sovereignty 5. Recognition This refers to the mass of population living within the state. There is no requirement as to the number of people that should compose a state. But it should be neither too small nor too large: small enough to be well-governed and large enough to be self-sufficing. The smallest state is Vatican. China has the largest population. 2. Territory Components of Territory: . Terrestrial/land mass 3. Fluvial 4. Maritime Domain The smallest state is Vatican State with an area of 0. 43 square kilometers. It would fit in Racial Park in Manila. The biggest state is Canada with an area of 3,852,000 square miles which covers a surface nearly as large as Europe. The Philippines has a total land area of about 115,707 square miles . It refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out. It is the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from people within its Jurisdiction, and to have freedom from foreign control. Two manifestations of Sovereignty: 1. Internal or the power of the state to rule within its territory; 2. External or the freedom of the state to carry out its activities without subjection or control by other states. External sovereignty is often referred to as independence. N. B these internal and external aspects of sovereignty are not absolutely true in practice because of the development of international relations and consequently international law. . Legal sovereignty is the possession of unlimited power to make laws. It is the authority by which law has the power to issue commands. 2. Political sovereignty is the sum total of all the influences in a state which lie behind the law. It is roughly defined as the power of the people. What is emporium? Dominion? Secure obedience thereto, maintain peace and order within its territorial limits, defend the State against foreign invasion, and do any other act of government over its people and territory. Dominion refers to the independent proprietary right of possession, use, conservation, disposition or sale, and control by the State over its territorial lands. How do you treat the Claim of the Philips. Over Saba? Is it emporium or dominion? Answer: It is both emporium and dominion. We seek to own exclusively Saba and in so owning, we have to exercise our sovereignty to govern the same. Characteristics of Sovereignty Permanence; Exclusivity; Comprehensiveness; Absoluteness; Individuality; Inalienability; and Impressibility Permanence means it exist in the same form forever or for a very long time. Exclusivity means it is limited to a group of people. Comprehensiveness means including everything, so as to be complete comprehensive knowledge of the subject. Absoluteness means possessing unlimited power: having total power and authority. Individuality means the state or condition of being separate from others. Inalienability means it is impossible to take away or not able to be transferred or taken away, e. G. Because of being protected by law. Impressibility it means not to be taken away or impossible to remove or violate the peoples imperceptible rights. Governance manner of government: the system or manner of government; 2. Tate of governing a place: the act or state of governing a place; 3. Authority: control or authority It means the management of the affairs of a business, organization, or institution. GOVERNMENT Forms of Government: The principal forms are the following: 1 . As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers; 2. As to extent of powers exercised by the cen tral or national government; 3. As to relationship between the executive and the legislative branches of the government; 4. As to source of power or authority: 1 . As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers: A. Government by one AY) Monarchy or one in which the supreme and final authority is in the hands of a single person without regard to the source of his election or the nature or duration of his tenure. Monarchies are further classified into: Monarchy, form of government in which one person has the hereditary right to rule as head of state during his or her lifetime; the term is also applied to the state so governed. Monarchs include such rulers as kings and queens, emperors and empresses, tsars, and Kaisers. Two types of Monarchical government: 1 . Absolute Monarchy or one in which the ruler rules by divine right; and 2. Limited monarchy or one in which the ruler rules in accordance with a constitution. The power of the monarch varies from absolute to very limited; the latter is AAA Authoritarian or one in which the supreme power of the dictator whose power is usually through force. 1 . Strict and demanding obedience: favoring strict rules and established authority; 2. Demanding political obedience: belonging to or believing in a political system in which obedience to the ruling person or group is strongly enforced. B. Government by few Bal Aristocracy or one in which political power is exercised by few privileged class. . People of highest social class: people of noble families or the highest social class 2. Superior group: a group believed to be superior to all others of the same kind 3. Overspent by elite: government of a country by a small group of people, especially a hereditary nobility 4. State run by elite: a state governed by an aristocracy. 82 Oligarchy 1 . Small governing group: a small gr oup of people who together govern a nation or control an organization, often for their own purposes; 2. Entity ruled by oligarchy: a nation governed or an organization controlled by an oligarchy; 3. Overspent by small group: government or control by a small group of people. Sources of their power: By births. By wealthy. By wisdom In an aristocracy, although the power of government is wielded by a few, hermetically the administration of government is carried on for the welfare of the many. Whenever the interests of the people as a whole are made subservient to the selfish interests of the rulers, aristocracy becomes a form of government known as oligarchy. CLC Democracy or one in which political power is exercised by the majority of the people. It is further classified into: CLC . Direct or pure democracy or one in which the will of the state is formulated or expressed directly and immediately through the people in a mass meeting or primary assembly rather than through the medium of representatives chosen by the people o act for them. CLC . 2 Indirect, representative or republican democracy or one in which the will of the state is formulated and expressed through the agency of a relatively small and select body of persons chosen by the people to act as their representatives. 2. As to extent of powers exercised by the central or national government: A. Unitary government or one in which the control of national and local affairs is exercised by the national government; B. Federal government or one in which the powers of government are divided between two sets of organs, one for national affairs and the other for local affairs, ACH organ being supreme within its own sphere. Didst. Bet. Federal Unitary Covet Federal states, such as the U. S. And Switzerland, comprise unions of states in which the authority of the central or national government is constitutionally limited by the legally established powers of the constituent subdivisions. In unitary states, such as the United Kingdom and Belgium, the constituent subdivisions of the state are subordinate to the authority of the national government. Countries with federal political systems have both a central government and overspent based in smaller political units, usually called states, provinces, or territories. These smaller political units surrender some of their political power to the central government, relying on it to act for the common good. In a federal system, laws are made both by state, provincial, or territorial governments and by a central government. In the United States, for example, people who live in the state of Ohio must obey the laws made by the Ohio legislature and the Congress of the United States. Federal political systems divide power and resources between central and Central governments decide issues that concern the whole country, such as organizing an army, building major roads, and making treaties with other countries. In unitary systems, with laws giving virtually all authority to the central government. The central government may delegate duties to cities or other administrative units, but it retains final authority and can retract any tasks it has delegated. The central government in a unitary system is much more powerful than the central government in a federal system. Government: A. Parliamentary government or cabinet gobo. Is one in which the executive and selective branch of the government are dependent or executive branch is part of the legislative branch. B. Presidential government or one in which the state makes the executive independent from the legislative. Distinctions bet. Presidential Parliamentary In parliamentary governments, of which the United Kingdom, India, and Canada are examples, the executive branch is subordinate to the legislature. In presidential governments, such as in the U. S. , the executive is independent of the legislature, although many of the executives actions are subject to legislative review. A. De facto is one not so constituted or founded with the existing constitution but has the general support of the people and has effective control of the territory over which it exercises its powers. B. De Cure is one which is constituted or founded in accordance with the existing constitution of the state but has no control of the territory. C. Hereditary Elective Checks and Balances, the doctrine and practice of dispersing political power and creating mutual accountability among political entities such as the courts, the president or prime minister, the legislature, and the citizens. The first check comes from the fact that different branches of the government have overlapping authority, so each branch can act as a limit on the other. For example, the president can veto an act of Congress. A two-thirds majority in Congress can then override the presidents veto. The president appoints major federal officials, but only if the Senate by majority vote agrees. Separation of Powers, the doctrine and practice of dividing the powers of a government among different branches to guard against abuse of authority. A government of separated powers assigns different political and legal powers o the legislative, executive, and Judicial branches. The legislative branch has the power to make laws. The executive branch has the authority to administer the law†primarily by bringing lawbreakers to trial†and to appoint officials and oversee the administration of government responsibilities. The Judicial branch has the power to try cases brought to court and to interpret the meaning of laws under which the trials are conducted. A government of separated powers is less likely to be tyrannical and more likely to follow the rule of law: the principle that government action must be constrained by saws. A separation of powers can also make a political system more democratic by making it more difficult for a single ruler, such as a monarch or a president, to become dictatorial. The division of powers also prevents one branch of government from dominating the others or dictating the laws to the public. Most democratic systems have some degree of separation of powers. POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES Liberalism, attitude, philosophy, or movement that has as its basic concern the development of personal freedom and social progress. The course of liberalism in a given country is usually conditioned by the character

The Roman Tetrarchy and the Rule of Four

The Roman Tetrarchy and the Rule of Four The word Tetrarchy means rule of four. It derives from the Greek words for four (tetra-) and rule (arch-). In practice, the word refers to the division of an organization or government into four parts, with a different person ruling each part. There have been several Tetrarchies over the centuries, but the phrase is usually used to refer to the division of the Roman Empire into a western and eastern empire, with subordinate divisions within the western and eastern empires. The Roman Tetrarchy Tetrarchy refers to the establishment by the Roman Emperor Diocletian of a 4-part division of the empire. Diocletian understood that the huge Roman Empire could be (and often was) taken over by any general who chose to assassinate the emperor. This, of course, caused significant political upheaval; it was virtually impossible to unite the empire. The reforms of Diocletian came after a period when many emperors had been assassinated. This earlier period is referred to as chaotic and the reforms were meant to remedy the political difficulties that the Roman Empire faced. Diocletians solution to the problem was to create multiple leaders, or Tetrarchs, located in multiple locations. Each would have significant power. Thus, the death of one of the Tetrarchs would not mean a change in governance. This new approach, in theory, would lower the risk of assassination and, at the same time, made it nearly impossible to overthrow the entire Empire at a single blow. When he split up the leadership of the Roman Empire in 286, Diocletian continued to rule in the East. He made Maximian his equal and co-emperor in the west. They were each called Augustus which signified that they were emperors. In 293, the two emperors decide to name additional leaders who could take over for them in the case of their deaths. Subordinate to the emperors were the two Caesars: Galerius, in the east, and Constantius in the west. An Augustus was always emperor; sometimes the Caesars were also referred to as emperors. This method of creating emperors and their successors bypassed the need for approval of emperors by the Senate and blocked the power of the military to elevate their popular generals to the purple. [Source: The City of Rome in late imperial ideology: The Tetrarchs, Maxentius, and Constantine, by Olivier Hekster, from Mediterraneo Antico 1999.] The Roman Tetrarchy functioned well during Diocletians life, and he and Maximian did indeed turn over leadership to the two subordinate Caesars, Galerius and Constantius. These two, in turn, named two new Caesars: Severus and Maximinus Daia.  The untimely death of Constantius, however, led to political warring. By 313, the Tetrarchy was no longer functional, and, in 324, Constantine became sole Emperor of Rome.   Other Tetrarchies While the Roman Tetrarchy is the most famous, other four-person ruling groups have existed through history. Among the best-known was The Herodian Tetrarchy, also called the Tetrarchy of Judea. This group, formed after the death of Herod the Great in 4 BCE, included Herods sons.

Human Relations And Health Information Management Research Paper

Human Relations And Health Information Management - Research Paper Example Various studies have indicated that these tests are effective in making career-related decisions and are also accurate in providing correct results (Borgen & Betz, 2008; Capraro & Capraro, 2002; Garis & Niles, 1990). These tests have been taken for the purpose of this research paper and the findings are used to identify personality type and suitable career path in prospective employers. Personality Inventory The findings of SIGI3 inventory and its corroboration with MBTI test helped in understanding that my personality type is ESTJ which is an abbreviation of extroverted, sensing, thinking and judging (â€Å"Jung Test Results†, n.d). According to the output of the test, individuals with this personality type have administrative skills and they remain in touch with the external environment. Furthermore, they are very responsible and are named as the pillar of strength by the test. Findings of the SIGI3 test indicated that my personal values are the contribution to the society, high income, leadership, prestige, leisure, independence, and variety. All these values score above average in the field of health information management (SIGI3, 2013). ... findings related to personal interests, skills, and values with MBTI’s results indicated that my personality type is of figure that would assume responsibilities and is able to work in a team-based work environment effectively. In addition to that, I have strong analytical skills that are essential for health information management. My preferred job-related tasks would be the collection of information and deduce necessary trends out of it along with planning concerning numerical data. When examined with the help of SIGI3 preferred employment in the light of the test’s results and my current majors, it was found that my preferred career path would be in the health information administration.

Project management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project management - Coursework Example The Trans-Saharan gas pipeline (TGSP) is a project whose aim is to see Algeria and Nigeria team up in a bid to have a diversification of gas supplies to the European continent. Seen by many analysts as the most incredible venture in Africa, the two countries seek to connect the supply of natural gas at Algeria for further countries to benefit (Nwaoha and Wood 2014). Unknown to many people is that this project was first suggested in the 70s but it has encountered a myriad of challenges before its initiation. It was not until 2009 that ministers from the concerned countries met and agreed to have the project completed by 2015 (Seljom and Rosenberg 2011). However, this is yet to be achieved due to various hurdles standing in the way. Even though this was previously thought to be a Nigeria-Algeria affair, Niger could not be overlooked since the project had to pass through its territory. The project’s scope will see it start from Warri region- which is in Nigeria-, pass through Niger all the way to Hassi R’mel which is in Algeria. Once at R’mel, the project will then connect with the Trans-Mediterranean, Medgaz, Galsi and Maghreb pipelines that currently supply to many parts of Europe (Reymond 2007). In terms of length, the entire project is estimated to cover at least 4,128 km but for the Algerian part, which forms the basis of this Project initiation document, the scope is at 2,310 km. The objectives of this project includes expanding the natural gas market to the European countries, solidify the relations among the involved parties and seeking to find an ending market for the gas product. In addition to having an improved economy, other benefits that will be evident from this project include the strengthened unity of the countries and employment opportunities for a significant number of Algerians. Natural gas is one of the most consumed commodities in not only Europe but also globally (Engerer and Horn 2010) .The

Creative Thinking Essay Example for Free

Creative Thinking Essay Thinking The following transcript is based on material in Skills for Success: The Personal Development Handbook, by Stella Cottrell. Creative thinking can benefit any aspect of life, including academic study or our working day. All too often, we act as if creativity were the preserve of a special breed of people – great artists, musicians, designers and inventors. However, you don’t need to be good at drawing or painting or music in order to be creative. Because of this misperception, we can tend to underestimate our own capacity for creativity and the wide range of situations to which we could apply creative thought. In this audio, we’ll talk about practical ways that you can develop and enhance your creative capacity. What do we mean by creative thinking? Creativity is about applying the imagination to finding a solution. This could be a solution to an artistic problem, but it could just as easily refer to finding an answer to a routine work issue, resolving problems in your life, friendships or relationships, or completing study assignments. The creative aspect is in finding the solution, rather than in simply applying a pre-given formula. If you devise your own solutions, find your answers, you are thinking creatively. Sometimes, a great idea can seem to drop from nowhere. When this happens, it is easy to feel that we are very imaginative and clever, especially if the wonderful idea came to us quickly. More typically, a creative outcome is the result of a series of processes, the application of strategies, and bringing the right attitude to the task – and these may not always feel very creative at the time. Creative thought thrives in certain conditions, so to foster creative thinking, it is worth taking steps to put those conditions into place. Certain types of creative thinking take place when we are very relaxed, with time to spare, when we are only half focused on the issue, perhaps when we are day-dreaming or doodling. We may even be deep in thought about a different activity altogether. When released from having to find a solution to a particular problem, the brain often feels freed up to look for an answer in its own way. You may have noticed this yourself- that when you stop trying too hard, the answer seems to pop out of nowhere when you are least expecting it. Many great discoveries and ideas have been made in this way, or even in dreams. This kind of creative solution does require certain kinds of conditions. In particular, the apparently magic solution often comes after a period of very ordered thinking, working through many possible solutions, followed by change of pace or situation, accompanied by some ‘down-time’ in which the brain can work on the solution. Creative thinking tends to be characterised by a drive to find the very best solution, continually looking for an even better, or quicker, or more effective, or more elegant solution. If you are happy with the first idea that comes along, then there is no real spur to creative thought. An element of moderate dissatisfaction, or an edge of perfectionism, encourages the creative process. You can also help the creative process by putting the right conditions into place and applying some basic strategies. First of all: don’t be satisfied with one solution. Once you have one good idea, look for another, and then another. Give yourself the opportunity to choose the best from several options. Secondly, put yourself under different levels of pressure. Sometimes, we find we respond to pressure; other times we don’t. Thirdly, feed your brain with different experiences. Go on a journey you wouldn’t usually make; read an article from a different subject discipline or a magazine you wouldn’t usually read; undertake an activity that you feel isn’t ‘you’. When the brain is working hard on a problem, it is can be very good at drawing parallels in an apparently unconnected experience. Fourthly, be willing to experiment with ideas that seem unlikely to lead straight to the answer, even if this seems like it may be a waste of time. Combine solutions from other problems that you have answered successfully; play with possible ideas even if these don’t seem very sensible. Many a great idea has started out as something, which seemed wild or unrealistic, modified and adapted and developed into something that really worked. Don’t eliminate ideas too early- look for a way of making them work. Although a particular idea may lead nowhere, the process of working through solutions can help develop a much deeper understanding of the task before you. It is this thorough and complex understanding of the issue, which helps the brain come up with a creative solution. Fifthly, when you have worked in an organised way on developing ideas, give the brain some down-time so it can work on these in an unforced way. This does mean planning your study or work so that there is time to move between structured approaches to the issue, followed by more relaxed, unforced, even unconscious, thought. Finally, once you know the idea you want to work on, be prepared to work at it, and to work at it some more, to fine-tune it. Inspiration is a very small part of creative thinking. Process, strategy, attitude, and application are also essential ingredients. In short, it doesn’t take a special kind of person to engage in creative thinking. There are approaches you can take and strategies you can apply that can assist you in arriving at innovative ways of seeing and thinking. Best of all, as creative thinking benefits from new experiences, doing things a little differently, musing with ideas and being open to playful and unusual approaches, it can make your study very enjoyable. We hope this basic introduction to creative thinking has been useful. If you want to develop your creative thinking further, ask your bookseller for a copy of Skills for Success, written by Stella Cottrell and published by Palgrave Macmillan.

Insulin Response in Low Carbohydrate Diets Essay -- Health Nutrition D

Insulin Response in Low Carbohydrate Diets   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the current popularity of the Atkins diet and similar plans that emphasize a reduced intake of carbohydrates, it is important to understand both the theory underlying these diets and the effects of low carbohydrate consumption on one's health. In particular, it is crucial that anyone considering such a program understand the effects of low carbohydrate diets on the body's insulin response, as well as consequences of low and high insulin levels in the blood. Therefore, the research on the insulin response to reduced carbohydrate energy bars contained in the article "Glycemic and insulinemic responses to energy bars of differing macronutrient composition in healthy adults" by Steven R. Hertzler and Yeonsoo Kim should be considered.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The basic concept of the Atkins diet is that certain high carbohydrate foods, such as bread and foods high in sugar, should be reduced or eliminated from the diet, or at least replaced by foods lower in carbohydrates. An example of an acceptable low carbohydrate food is the Atkins Advantage Bar, a low-carbohydrate energy bar that is primarily protein and fat and which represents the low carbohydrate food studied by Hertzler and Kim. The scientific theory behind Atkins' proposed shift from carbohydrate and toward protein and fat is that carbohydrates theoretically elicit an increased insulin response. In this context, "increased insulin response" means that the pancreas releases high amounts of insulin into the bloodstream during the digestion of carbohydrates. The Atkins theory also holds that there is a link between high insulin levels in the blood and undesired metabolic effects. Such effe... ...response may suggest that these diets do not achieve this objective. A probable explanation for the increased insulin response of the low and moderate carbohydrate bars is that protein and/or fat are substituted for the removed carbohydrate, and both protein and fat can trigger an increased insulin response. However, it is more likely that the protein triggered the insulin response since several studies have demonstrated that dietary protein and certain amino acids, the building blocks of protein, are insulinogenic, or insulin inducing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thus, participants in a low carbohydrate program may continue to experience the adverse metabolic conditions of inhibited fat breakdown and increased blood cholesterol. Additionally, these data suggest that such diets might not contribute to weight loss or to bettering one's overall health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Everyday Use by Alice Walker

In the early 1970s, the Black Power movement was not only a political slogan against racism, but also an ideology that promoted racial pride and embraced the elements of the African culture. During this time, many African-Americans were encouraged to grow their hairs into afros, wear traditional African clothing, and reject their white slave names. In the story Everyday Use, Alice Walker presents a family with opposing views towards tradition and creates a character fooled by the Black Power movement. The author uses irony to reveal a meaning of heritage hidden under the perceived idea of African-American identity. From the beginning, the oldest daughter, Dee, pretends to honor and embrace her roots, yet she rejects her past and her ancestors. When she comes home to visit Mama and her sister Maggie, she wears an extravagant yellow dress, gold earrings, and dangling bracelets. She uses the African greeting â€Å"Wa-su-zo-Tean-o! † and begs not be called Dee, but Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo, since she does not want to be â€Å"named after the people who oppressed [her]† (Schmidt 350). Dee changes her name to reconnect with, what she believes is, her African heritage. However, this turns to be ironic because she was named after her aunt Dicie, who was named after Grandma Dee, and by changing her name, Wangero is evading the important aspects of her name and the traditions of her family. Although Wangero is very educated, she lacks the most valuable knowledge. Throughout the story, she portrays an arrogant attitude of superiority towards Mama and Maggie. Mama says, â€Å" she used to read to us without pity; forcing words, lies, other folk's habits, whole lives upon us, sitting trapped and ignorant underneath her voice. She washed us in a river of make-believe, burned us with a lot of knowledge we didn't necessarily need to know† (Schmidt 348). Mama does not feel pride for her daughter’s accomplishments; instead, she feels intimidated by Dee's egocentrism. The irony comes when Wangero believes her knowledge puts her above her family, yet Mama's knowledge has a greater value. Mama is â€Å"a large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands† (Schmidt 347). She is proud of her hard work and ability to butcher bull calves and milk cows; after all, she learned this from her mother, who learned it from her mother. This is the kind of knowledge the author wants the reader to see and appreciate—the type of knowledge that conveys African-American tradition. Even though Wangero finds in a churn and dasher her African-American identity, she is blind to the significance of these items. Dee values the churn and dasher because they are old, and her uncle whittled them back in the day. She says she â€Å"can use the churn top as a centerpiece for the alcove table, [†¦] and [she]'ll think of something artistic to do with the dasher† (Schmidt 351). With this attitude, Wangero expresses her view towards the items as amazing antique collectibles. Maggie, on the other hand, explains that â€Å"Aunt Dee's first husband whittled the dash [†¦] His name was Henry, but they called him Stash† (Schmidt 351). The fact that she knows the story behind the churn and dasher illustrates her deep appreciation towards the items. Likewise, when Mama holds the dasher, she reflects on its origin and its meaning to the family: â€Å"You didn't even need to look close to see where hands pushing the dasher up and down to make butter had left a kind of sink in the wood. In fact, there where a lot of small sinks† (Schmidt 351). The sinks in the wood represent the hard labor her family endured and the tenacious efforts Dee would, ironically, never even acknowledge. Wangero also finds a connection to her African culture with Mama's quilts; however, she does not understand the traditional value of these items. Dee wants to keep the quilts to show off her heritage and hang them on her wall as decorations; she thinks her sister will not appreciate them and will put them to everyday use. Maggie agrees to give up her promised quilts because after all, she â€Å"can ‘member Grandma Dee without the quilts† (Schmidt 352). However, Mama will not let Dee keep them because deep inside, she knows that Maggie deserves them. Maggie learned how to quilt from aunt Dee, who learned how to quilt from Grandma Dee; therefore, she will be able to keep their culture and their history alive. After this decision, Wangero responds furiously, â€Å"You just don't understand [†¦] your heritage† (Schmidt 323), and suggests that the quilts have a materialistic a value that has to be preserved in order to maintain the family's African heritage. Ironically, the quilts are not valuable because they are old and their ancestors sewed them; instead, they are priceless because they represent a tradition that many hard working black women followed for years. The author suggests that Maggie has an understanding her sister never will; she understands the real meaning of African heritage. Wangero was one of the many African-Americans in the 1970s who struggled to define their identity within the framework of American society. She changed her name and her appearance in efforts to embrace her African roots and tried to collect antique items to preserve her family's heritage. However, Dee's arrogant attitude blinded her from seeing the traditional value of the African culture, and left her with a superficial understanding about her heritage. Alice Walker uses Wangero's and Mama's conflicting ideologies to suggest that the substance of an object is more valuable than its style. Everyday Use by Alice Walker In 1972, Alice Walker published â€Å"Everyday Use† in a collection of short stories In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black women. As better known â€Å"Everyday Use† stood out of the collection, it has become one of few short stories about the conflict black Americans faced after the Civil Rights Movement; The struggle to maintain traditions, whilst embracing new-found freedom, and where the two worlds collided. Discussing the reoccurring themes, symbols and motifs through the narrator’s perception, and actions will reveal if the character, and ultimately the reader himself has grown or remained static in affect of the conflict. As stated above, once the Civil Rights movement ended and black Americans received the rights equal to a white American, a conflict between the old world and the new world collided. The assimilation of black Americans into the American way of life, the struggle to uphold traditions, and the quest to return to original African culture is a theme in â€Å"Everyday Use†. The narrator’s, â€Å"Mama†, perception of the world is small, in contrast to her daughter’s, â€Å"Dee†. When Dee returns, she has attempted to re-forge her African based culture and dismiss her history and â€Å"The people who oppress me† (Walker 454). She arrives bejeweled in gold, flaunting a flashy yellow African style dress, alongside her assumed boyfriend â€Å"Asalamalikim†. The ignorance of Mama of this being a term in Arabic meaning â€Å"Peace be upon you† (Anthology 454), which instead she mistakes as his name, displays the differentiation between Mama and Dee’s exposure to the world. The way in which she chose to fashion herself exudes the fact that she has no real understanding of African culture, and she is in favor of the American simulated construction of African culture. The quilts become a symbol of the collaboration of their family histories into tangible evidence in â€Å"Everyday Use†, when Dee returns to the house for quilts and the carved dasher, proposing to hang them up for display. This upsets the Narrator, Mama, she makes reference to Maggie being able to put them to everyday use, and she can always quilt more; while Dee adamantly protests. Mama makes a move to recover the quilts and Dee pulls them away and Mama thinks to herself â€Å"They already belonged to her† (Walker 456). In Mama’s perspective, the point of the quilts was the tradition of quilting, not the quilts themselves. She views Dee as someone to wants to act out the movements of appreciation of their culture, instead of passing it on. In the act of retrieving the quilts from Dee’s grip, and returning them to Maggie, Mama reveals herself as an unknowing, round character that can re-act differently than what is expected of her. Mama stands up for the true traditions in the face of her daughter, although her daughter believes herself to be the all knowing one. As well as the theme of old black world verses new, we come across the motif of names and re-naming within the short story. Just as Dee comes home dressed in African styled clothing, she re-names herself â€Å"Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo† to represent her full transformation into a true African woman. Her boyfriend’s name â€Å"Hakim. a. barber† also hints to the fact that he also took up the Muslim faith in an attempt of reform. Mama makes an effort to educate Dee on her name; how it was passed through generations and holds value in itself. Dee dismisses this fact, and it reveals Dees ignorance of the lineage of strong women she was born from. Dee and Hakim try to hide or dissolve their actual history with the history that is more in favor with current society and hold no value in their true identities. In this instance, Dee can be portrayed as the round character, ever changing to fit her surroundings; while Mama and Maggie, the former who does not reveal their name, and the latter who has a normal name, can be portrayed as the flat characters. However, this can be contradicted. In the beginning of the story, Mamas perception of Dee is somewhat tainted by her personal differences from Dee. The fact that Mama was not able to complete her education completely, while still providing an education for her daughter served as a wedge in between the two. Dee looked down upon mama for her lack of education, and Mama felt victimized by Dee’s overwhelming need to prove her higher intellect. For example, Dee’s greeting â€Å"Wa-su-zo-Tean-o! (Walker 454), a term which her mother and Maggie she knew could not understand. In result, she always assumed Dees word to be true and unworthy of contradiction. However, in the end of the story, Mama realizes that even though Dee might have a higher education and therefore exposure to the world, she still did not learn the value of the her true heritage. Something that cannot be learned through school work, and cannot be appreciated through study, was the legacy of her ancestors, so mething Dee adamantly dismissed as irrelevant. Mama then becomes a round character, than can overcome the overshadow of her daughter and prove that all the education in the world cannot help keep culture alive, and only family as well as true traditions can have that effect. In irony, Dee states that it is Mama that knows nothing of their heritage, when it is in fact Dee who has lost all sense of their honest history. We can now conclude that the Narrator, â€Å"Mama† is an unknowing character by her reactions to the antagonist â€Å"Dee†, Mama’s actions were made based off her previous as well as current encounters with Dee. She is in a sense a round character; that overcomes her impertinent daughter’s abhorrence of the word â€Å"No†, and sticks to old traditions. While also, Mama is a flat character, withstanding the exposure to Dee’s education to begin and end the short story in her yard, where she finds peace and control over her environment. â€Å"Everyday Use† did an excellent job in portraying the collision of black American freedom, and the customs of those that lived before the days of civil rights.