Government Policy and Ideologies of Welfare

Government Policy and Ideologies of Welfare With reference to changes in government policy and ideologies of welfare, debate the significance of the shift from victorian ‘pauper to 21st century ‘service user and its impact on social work practice and values. By charting changes in government policy and welfare ideologies, this essay will discuss the significance of the move from the Victorian ‘Pauper towards the 21st century ‘Service User and examine how this has influenced social work values and practice. But first, brief consideration must be given to offering a definition of these terms. The Oxford English Dictionary (2009: online) defines a pauper as somebody with no property or means of livelihood; who is dependent upon charity from others; and a beggar. Terminology has changed dramatically and the term ‘service user emerged in the 1990s as the generic name for people social workers work with (Pierson Thomas, 2006: 560). In contrast to ‘pauper, the Collins Internet-Linked Dictionary of Social Work by Pierson and Thomas (2006: 560) states: â€Å"its popularity has spread among practitioners, managers and social work educators alike as it seems to convey the more contemporary emphasis on those who receive the service having some rights and influence over that service† (Ibid.). All societies have methods of assisting those in financial difficulties (Payne, 2005: 13) and the 1601 English Poor Law was the first national welfare provision that lasted in one form or another for 350 years (Spicker, 2008: 78). However, in the 18th century, the Poor Law Report demonstrated the current allowance system was demoralising and promoted idleness (Fraser, 2009: 53). This, coupled with a proliferation of paupers and escalating relief costs, led to the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 which heralded the introduction of workhouses, designed to deter everyone but the destitute from applying for support (Thane, 1996: 31). It was hoped by replacing outdoor relief with the workhouse, the faults of the current system would be corrected (Fraser, 2009: 55). Ultimately, it provided a harsh alternative to self-help that the pauper would only accept when destitute; and fearing the workhouse, they would hopefully find employment (Ibid.: 55-56). This was in keeping with the general social p hilosophy of the time that supposed â€Å"men were masters of their own fate and that the individual had within his grasp the power to find his own salvation† (Ibid.: 56). Those requiring assistance were blamed for their position and expected to find solutions to their own self-imposed misery (Sullivan, 1996: xiv). Therefore, the Victorian Poor Law divided the needy into the deserving and undeserving poor; with the deserving worthy of philanthropic assistance whilst the undeserving was punished for their feckless behaviour (Ibid.). In essence, the Amendment Act successfully forced able-bodied men to take responsibility for themselves (Thane, 1996: 33). Throughout the 1880s charitable responses to suffering grew (Payne, 2005: 36) and the Charitable Organisation Society was established in 1869, aiming to persuade charities to organise resources so they were distributed to those best able to use them (Thane, 1996: 21). The COS was not an alternative to the Poor Law, but the flip side of the same coin (Payne, 2005: 36) and its principles encouraged people to become self-dependent and only helped those with potential to support themselves (Thane, 1996: 21). It provided charity for the ‘deserving and hence, left those without potential to become self-dependent to destitution or the Poor Law (Ibid.: 21-34). Furthermore, COS endeavoured to find lasting solutions to peoples problems, without removing them from their environment and pioneered the practice of case-work whereby investigations were conducted into clients backgrounds who were then helped if deemed worthy (Ibid.). Much had to be said for this case-work approach, which provi ded a real attempt to investigate the nature of the peoples problems (Ibid.) and essentially, through the development of this method, created social work (Payne, 2005: 38). Many people following COS principles in theory found it challenging to abandon those in desperate need in practice (Thane, 1996: 23). Hence, dissatisfaction generated new voluntary approaches, including the Settlement Movement, which initiated modern community work (Ibid.). Residential settlement Toynbee Hall was established in 1884 where graduates would live and work among the poor; a model replicated throughout the country by the end of the century (Ibid.). It aimed for them to utilise their moral example and education to foster social development (Payne, 2005: 37) and its warden Samuel Barnett believed class harmony and material improvement would only improve when the rich regarded the poor as equally worthy individuals (Thane, 1996: 21). Moving to the twentieth century, following the Second World War, fundamental welfare changes were introduced under the Labour government in accordance with a blueprint proposed in the 1942 Beveridge Report (Bochel, 2008: 192). Subsequently, the period from 1945 until the 1970s is considered: â€Å"One of political consensus on key issues, stemming from a combination of the economic philosophy of Keynes, and the social policy of Beveridge, enshrining the ideas of the mixed economy and the welfare state† (Ibid.). During this period it was assumed societies had progressed, rendering the state responsible for providing universal welfare provision for citizens (Payne, 2005: 50). Subsequently, the state established a range of social services in the new era of welfare capitalism and this social security was regarded as the instrument that would eradicate poverty (Sullivan, 1996: xiii-3). The welfare state was created to put welfare on a new footing (Briggs, 1961 cited in Spicker, 2008: 121) where everyone, not just the poor, had the right to access services (Spicker, 2008: 121). This contrasted starkly to when support was confined to the destitute and deliberately made unpleasant under the Poor Law (Checkland Checkland, 1974 cited in Spicker, 2008: 121) and this commitment to universalism provided an obvious change from the past (Sullivan, 1996: 54). Moreover, social work was becoming accepted as part of universal welfare provision alongside health, housing and social security (Payne, 2005: 50) a nd in the 25 years following the war, a gradual professionalizing shift occurred (Lymberry, 2001: 371). Subsequently, following the 1968 Seebohm Report and the 1970 Local Authority Social Services Act, the three existing personal social services were reorganised into unified local authority departments (Sullivan, 1996: 195-196). It was hoped this would â€Å"provide a more co-ordinated and comprehensive approach to the problems of individuals, families and communities† (Seebohm Report, 1968 quoted in Lymberry, 2001: 371). Fundamentally, this was a period of proliferation and consolidation for social work with the hope it would contribute towards creating a more equal society (Lymberry, 2001: 371). This movement to the welfare state from the Poor Law is referred to as the progression to ‘institutional welfare from ‘residual provision (Wilensky Lebeaux, 1965 cited in Spicker, 2008: 92). Residual welfare catered for a limited number of people, was provided under sufferance and regarded as a public burden (Spicker, 2008: 92). Furthermore, the Poor Law was punitive in nature, limited liabilities through deterrence and deprived paupers of their rights (Ibid.). Contrastingly, institutional welfare covered the general populations needs, regardless of their financial circumstances, and offered protection to everyone (Ibid.). It was built on accepting mutual responsibility, considered dependency to be normal, and was based on the premise of a right to welfare and citizenship, (Ibid.). Theoretically, this universalism provided the only way to guarantee high quality of services were available for all and removed the stigma associated with state services (Sullivan, 1996: 54). During the two decades after the war, governments believed in Keynesian demand management techniques and Beveridges social ideas (Ibid.: 90). However, from the late 1960s these economic policies failed and the UK faced a fiscal crisis of the state (Ibid.). Subsequently, when the Conservatives were elected in 1979, the ideology of the New Right dominated and heralded a change from the post-war welfare consensus (Lymberry, 2001: 372). This period was characterised by Neo-liberal thinking, which fundamentally questioned the state-delivered institutions forming the welfare state, and these beliefs have affected policy-making and the welfare system during recent decades (Ellison, 2008: 61-67). For example, Thatchers government was dedicated to rolling back the state and denying mutual commitments among citizens because allegedly society did not exist but comprised of competing individuals instead (Lowe, 1999: 307). They aspired for those dependent on the state to become independent becaus e: â€Å"If those in need were encouraged to look passively to the state for help, they would be denied the invigorating experience of self-help and of family or community care† (Ibid.). Therefore, the New Right were committed to re-moralising society, just as Poor Law reformers of the 1830s had before them, with a return to Victorian values (Ibid.). This generated a reduction in benefits and conditions stipulated for accessing these were toughened (Clarke et al., 2000: 3). Furthermore, an increasing stigma was attached to publicly provided welfare and it was, in some respects, criminalised by linking US notions of ‘welfare dependency and ‘demoralisation to UK ideas of ‘scrounging and ‘undeserving (Ibid.). Fundamentally, welfare had come full circle when: â€Å"Individualism as the motor of economic and social policy in the nineteenth and early twentieth centurys gave way to the collectivism of that classic welfare state only to re-emerge in the late twentieth century† (Sullivan, 1996: xv). New Right emphasis on the sanctity of marriage and family, the demonization of those who threatened these and their promotion of a social order based on ‘Victorian values impacted on social work (Lymberry, 2001: 372). It was forced to abandon its pretensions to providing a universalist service and focus on statutory duties, omitting the preventative remit laid out in the Seebohm Report (Ibid.). Furthermore, it underlined individuals looking after themselves and their families (Bochel, 2008: 194). Subsequently, social work changed after the Barclay Report of the 1980s, which introduced community social work strategies and encouraged local authority social services departments to develop alternative ways of meeting social need (Sullivan, 1996: 196). This approach envisaged moving from the traditional one-to-one focus towards facilitating self-help by communities, social networks, and individuals (Ibid.). Moreover, it heralded the movement of social workers from therapists to enab lers, supporting informal carers instead of providing the care themselves (Ibid.). When looking at New Labour and their ‘Third Way approach, a decisive shift has occurred in the role of the recipients of social work services. For example, Blair (2000 cited in Jordan, 2001: 529) intended to change the welfare state from delivering passive support towards active support, promoting citizens independence instead. Taking the middle ground between free-market principles of the Conservative years and old style socialism it meant services would demand more from citizens, requiring people to contribute to a responsible community (Jordan, 2001: 529-530). This tougher approach to welfare is evident in expecting many single parents, the disabled, and those receiving employment benefits to actively seek employment (Ellison, 2008: 67). Additionally, benefits are now less generous and more strictly means-tested than in the height of Keynesian welfare (Ibid.). Furthermore, the development of anti-oppressive practice signals a change in the attitudes towards the role of users of social work services. Anti-oppressive practice has emerged over the last decade, forms part of the critical social work tradition, and is concerned with transforming power relations at every level in practice (Healy, 2005: 172-178). Theorists believe the social work role is political with social workers holding a privileged status in comparison to service users (Ibid). Therefore, social workers must be critical and reflective in order to not replicate oppressive social relations in practice (Ibid.). Furthermore, it promotes working in partnership with service users with power genuinely shared at both an interpersonal and institutional level (Dalrymple and Burke, 1995: 65 cited in Healy, 2005: 187). Thus, service users opportunities for participation in decision-making should be maximised (Healy, 2005: 187). Social work has been affected by the unabated advancement of consumer capitalism and service users are expected to be more involved in arranging and managing services (Harris, 2009: 67). The New Right ideas emphasised that citizens had a right to freedom and choice (Ibid.: 68) and recent Conservative and Labour administrations have encouraged citizens to participate in welfare services; utilising market-like approaches to consultation and increased empowerment in decision-making (Bochel, 2008: 194). Efforts have been made to promote service user participation in planning and development with the view that their active role improves health and social care services (Carr, 2004: 2). Furthermore, the importance of individual choice in improving provider effectiveness, the notion of citizens rights and responsibilities and a belief that individuals involvement in decision-making results in solutions that better meet their needs have been underlined (Bochel, 2008: 194-195). This is evident in the Direct Payments scheme, endorsed on the basis of choice and independence, and demonstrates that the state increasingly expects citizens to be competent enterprising, managerial and autonomous individuals (Scourfield, 2007: 108). However, as Scourfield (Ibid.) asserts this raises concerns about dependent citizens and emphasises: â€Å"a danger of using independence and choice as central organizing principles is to forget how and why the public sector emerged in the first place—to ensure that those who are necessarily dependent are treated with respect and dignity, to ensure a collectivized approach to risk, and to ensure that secure and reliable forms of support outside of the market or the family are available†. Additionally, as Carr (2004: 2) found, the extent to which service user participation leads to improvements in services varies and there is little monitoring and evaluation of the difference user participation is making. Furthermore, despite citizenship, choice, community, social inclusion and autonomy being key to New Labours programme, (Blair, 1998 cited in Humphries, 2004: 95) Humphries (2004: 95) contends Labours pursuing of neo-liberal economic and morally repressive policies has degraded public services; punishing and excluding those â€Å"regarded as having been ‘given a chance but having ‘failed†. She proposes it is social workers who are expected to implement the surveillance systems that operate these policies and under New Labour a shift has occurred towards social work having an increasingly negative and narrow practice focussed on restriction, surveillance, control and exclusion (Ibid.: 93-95). Thus, social work is concerned with the moralistic side of Labours policies rather than with empowering people instead (Jordan, 2001 cited in Humphries, 2004: 94). Moreover, since 1993, increasingly punitive and repressive measures have been introduced to deter asylum seekers from coming to Britain and if they are granted access they enter an inhumane and inferior ‘welfare system (Humphries, 2004: 100). Acts such as the 1993 Asylum and Immigration Appeals Act and the 1996 Asylum and Immigration Act removed those subject to immigration controls from the welfare state (Ibid.: 101) and Cohen (2003 cited in Humphries, 2004: 101) describes the asylum support system as the creation of a modern day poor law based on coercion and lack of choice. This essay has documented the move from the use of the Victorian term ‘pauper to the 21st century term ‘service user by looking at shifts in government policy and welfare ideologies and its impact on social work. Looking back, one would hope we have progressed from the Victorian Poor Law that blamed the pauper for their need of assistance and deterred them from accessing support by rendering it as unpleasant as possible. However, when observing the stringent means-tested benefit system and New Labours tough approach welfare, ascertaining whether we have moved forward becomes questionable. Zarb (2006: 2), referring to how older couples can be separated due to housing and care allocation, questions whether citizens are still treated like the paupers in the Poor Law era who were regularly split up for not meeting the parishes criteria for support. Furthermore, to finish, Wynne-Jones (2007: online), writing on the Joseph Rowntree Foundation website, highlights that today the media still assigns different types of morality to types of poverty: â€Å"The undeserving poor are the Asbo kids and the hoodies, the drug-addicted and long-term unemployed. On the other hand, the ‘deserving poor look a lot like middle Englanders fallen on hard times†. Having spent time with a group of troubled young people on a Peckham estate, following the death of Damilola Taylor in 2000, she believes that it is through the stereotyped comedy characters such as Little Britains ‘Vicky Pollard that Middle England reveals how threatened it feels about the ‘undeserving poor; utilising comedy as a means of criticising our societies ‘underclass (Ibid.). She maintains that as Middle England laughs from the unease that people like this exist on our poorest estates, years on from Damilolas death, we are still failing those, like the group in Peckham, who are â€Å"damaged so badly by life that their only empowerment is to attack others† (Ibid.). Therefore, to conclude, whilst a change in terminology has occurred moving from ‘pauper to ‘service user, it is problematic determining how far attitudes towards those in need of assistance have genuinely changed for the better. Reference List Bochel, C. (2008) â€Å"State Welfare† in Alcock, P. et al., (2008) The Students Companion to Social Policy, 3rd Ed, Oxford: Blackwell. Carr, S. (2004) â€Å"SCIE Position paper 3 Summary: Has service user participation made a difference to social care services?† available at http://www.scie.org.uk/publications/positionpapers/pp03-summary.pdf accessed on 17th December 2009. Clarke, J. et al. (2000) â€Å"Reinventing the Welfare State† in Clarke, J. et al. (2000) New Managerialism: New Welfare? London: Sage. Ellison, N. (2008) â€Å"Neo-Liberalism† in Alcock, P. et al., (2008) The Students Companion to Social Policy,3rd Ed, Oxford: Blackwell. Fraser, D. (2009) The Evolution of the British Welfare State, 4th Ed, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Harris, J. (2009) â€Å"Customer-citizenship in modernised social work† in Modernising Social Work: Critical Considerations, Bristol: Policy Healy, K (2005) Social Work Theories in Context: Creating Frameworks for Practice, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Humphries, B. (2004) â€Å"An Unacceptable Role for Social Work: Implementing Immigration Policy† British Journal of Social Work 34: 93-107 available at http://bjsw.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/34/1/93 accessed on 17th December 2009. Jordan, B. (2001) â€Å"Tough Love: Social Work, Social Exclusion and the Third Way†, British Journal of Social Work 31: 527- 546. Lowe, R. (1999) The Welfare State in Britain Since 1945, 2nd Ed, Houndmills, Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan Lymberry, M. (2001) â€Å"Social Work at the Crossroads†, British Journal of Social Work 31: 369-384 available at http://bjsw.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/31/3/369 accessed on 22nd December 2009. Oxford English Dictionary (2009) available at www.oed.com accessed on 23rd November 2009. Payne, M. (2005) The Origins of Social Work: Continuity and Change, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Pierson, J. Thomas, M. (2006) Collins Internet-Linked Dictionary of Social Work, Glasgow: Harper Collins. Scourfield, P. (2007) â€Å"Social Care and the Modern Citizen: Client, Consumer, Service User, Manager and Entrepreneur† British Journal of Social Work 37: 107-122 available at http://bjsw.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/cgi/reprint/37/1/107?maxtoshow=HITS=10hits=10RESULTFORMAT=1title=Social+Care+and+the+Modern+Citizen%3A+Client%2C+Consumerandorexacttitle=andandorexacttitleabs=andandorexactfulltext=andsearchid=1FIRSTINDEX=0sortspec=relevanceresourcetype=HWCIT accessed on 24th November 2009. Spicker, P. (2008) Social Policy: Themes and Approaches,2nd Ed, Bristol: Policy. Sullivan, M. (1996) The Development of the British Welfare State, London: Prentice Hall Thane, P. (1996) Foundations of the Welfare State, 2nd Ed, London ; New York : Longman. Wynne-Jones, R. (2007) â€Å"Deserving vs Undeserving† available at http://www.jrf.org.uk/reporting-poverty/journalists-experiences/deserving-undeserving accessed on 16th December 2009. Zarb, G. (2006) â€Å"From Paupers to Citizens: Independent Living and Human Rights† available at http://www.scie.org.uk/news/events/humanrights06/gerryzarb.pdf accessed on 17th December 2009.

Relevance of Fit Between HR Strategy and Business Strategy

Nadler and Tushman (1980) defined congruence or fit as â€Å"the degree to which the needs demands, goals, objectives and/or structure of one component are consistent with the needs, demands, goals, objectives, and/or structure of another component† (as cited in Boon, 2008). Fit between HR Strategy and business strategy According to U.S. Office of Personnel Management (1999), fit between HR strategy and business strategy means to integrate decisions about people with decisions about the results an organization is trying to obtain. To be able to achieve fit between HR strategy and business strategy, the HR Managers have to identify the real goals of the business, the business way, how to reach the goals and the real needs of the business from Human Resources (Luke, 2010). Some management tend to put the needs of their employees first, but this is not what the business usually asks for. Fit operates vertically and horizontally (Scribner et al, 2008). Vertical fit refers to the alignment of HR practices with the specific organizational context, and horizontal fit refers to the alignment of HR practices into a coherent system of practices that support one another (Delery, 1998). Relevance of fit between business strategy and SHRM The central debate about fit between HR strategy and business strategy is one of the most important to emerge in recent years (Helen Newell and Harry Scarbrough, 2002). It hinges on two broad approaches: the ‘universalistic’ and ‘contingency’ (Natalie Turner, n.d). The universalistic perspective â€Å"best practice† argues that some HR practices are universally effective; regardless in which context they are implemented (Boom, 2008). These practices include items such as (Newell & Scarbrough, 2002), employment security, selective hiring, self-managed teams or team working, high pay contingent on company’s performance, extensive training, reduction of status differences, and sharing information (Pfeffer & Veiga, 1999). Pfeffer & Veiga believe that if these policies are followed, they would always result in organisational success. The universalistic theory is also based on the assumption that HR practices observed in high-performing firms can be transformed to other companies with the same results (Armstrong, 2009). In contrast with universalistic thinking, contingency scholars argued that HR strategy would be more effective only when appropriately integrated with a specific organizational and environmental context (Chang & Huang 2005). This approach infers that the choice of HR strategy depends on the firm’s business strategy (Newell & Scarbrough, 2002). The approach is more akin to the idea of strategic fit because it claims that the optimal HR strategy choice depends on the unique characteristics of the individual organisation (Natalie Turner n.d), or the organisation’s strategy (Newell & Scarbrough, 2002). For instance, a cost-reduction business strategy would require a different set of HRM policies than a strategy based on innovation. â€Å"An HRM strategy to fit with cost reduction might require deskilling, management control and downward pressure on wages. In contrast, one aimed at innovation would be likely to foster employee skills, autonomy and competitive wages† ( Newell & Scarbrough, 2002:28). Other models have also emphasised the relevant of fit between HR strategy and business strategy. These include the Matching model, Life Cycle model, Harvard Model, and the behavioural perspective. The matching model argues that human resource strategies have a tight fit to the overall strategies of the business (Association of Business Executives, ABE; 2010). The basic premise of the life cycle model is that, as organisation grows and develops, human resource practices and procedures must change to meet it needs (Armstrong, 2009). Authors of Harvard model argue that any inconsistency between internal human resource management practices and competitive strategy is likely to lead to role conflict and ambiguity that can interfere with individual performance and organisational effectiveness (ABE, 2010). The behavioural perspective infers that firm’s business strategy must be matched with the specific HR policies and practices, which will elicit particular sets of employee attitude s and behaviours to foster success (Wang & Shyu, 2007). Baron and Kreps (1999) also argue that besides the fit between the individual practices, the HR system should fit with the broader context of what the firm is trying to do, such as the external environment, the workforce, organization’s culture, organizational strategy, technology of production and organization of work. According to Boxall (1992), â€Å"HRM cannot be conceptualized as a stand-alone corporate issue. Strategically speaking it must flow from and be dependent upon the organization’s (market oriented) corporate strategy†. Importance of fit between an organisation’s business strategy and its HR strategy Evidence have shown that to achieve superior organisation performance, there must be a distinct link between human resource strategies and organisations business strategies (ABE, 2010) An excellent example of a company that has matched its business strategy to its human resource strategy is the Lincoln Electric Company in USA. A producer of electrodes and welding machinery, Lincoln is also a cost leader. Lincoln focuses on hiring individually motivated, high performers. These individuals have their compensation tightly linked to their output with laid-down minimum quality levels. A substantial portion of the company’s profits is also distributed to employees at the end of the year based on an individual merit rating that is computed from output, ideas and cooperation, dependability and quality. Lincoln’s innovative HR strategy enabled it to gain, by 1995, a market share of 36% in the otherwise fragmented US market for welding equipment and supplies. (Source: Krishnan, 2005). Also, organisations are now using HR strategy to further strategic aims. For example, At Conventry Building Society, the strategic aim was to keep the business as it was – one of the few remaining mutual – but to reduce staff turnover. The society aligned its employee relations with its customer value, enshrined in the slogan â€Å"TLC not plc.† It switched from a traditional reward structure to a team-based pay and a benefits package called â€Å"TLC for staff† (Source: ABE, 2010). Factors that determine fit between HR strategy and business strategy Fit between HR strategy and business strategy is influenced by both external and internal factors. Some of these factors are discussed briefly below. Technological changes: Technological advances alter jobs, create new skills, make occupations obsolete, and revise what employees need to lean and be trained to do (Ozutku & Ozturkler 2009). Legislation/regulations: For example, the National minimum wage introduced by labour party in England had a significant effect on costs which has led to changes in employment practices in some industries and changes to personnel policies (ABE, 2010). Employee knowledge and skills: Employees knowledge and skills directly affect the quality and performance of the HR system (Wright & Snell 1998). Arguably, more knowledgeable and skilful employees will have competencies to understand and enact a variety of HR practices, such as those designed for a firm’s specific strategy (Wei, 2006). Culture: Several evidences have shown that culture plays a critical role in determining the right HR strategy to adopt. For example, when Lincoln Electric Company applied its HR strategy in ventures acquired outside the United States, it failed because of difference in culture both at societal and organisational levels (Krishnan, 2005). Life cycle stages: Organizations go through evolutionary life cycles, and the stage in which an organization finds itself in an industry affects the HR strategies it should adopt (Armstrong, 2009). Industry/sector characteristics: In analysing HR practices, classification of organisations as manufacturing and service firms is considered. This is because; different production processes necessitate different HR practices (Ozutku & Ozturkler 2009).

A Neutral View of Research Paper on Heart Disease

A Neutral View of Research Paper on Heart Disease The Importance of Research Paper on Heart Disease Attempting to pin down the causes of aging or a specific disease is similar to attempting to pin down the main cause of crime. Heart attacks occur for a range of explanations. The causes of stress differ from person to person, even though there are lots of stressors. Everyone feels stress in various ways and reacts to it in various ways. The Meaning of Research Paper on Heart Disease Exercise is a most important contributing aspect to the quantity of visceral fat. It's very tough to come to a last conclusion on the advantages of low carbohydrate diets like The Atkins Diet. You are able to reverse your diabetes utilizing diet alone, perhaps with a modest additional exercise thrown in. The beating-diabetes diet is straightforward. Eating foods containing potassium is essential for controlling blood pressure since it blunts the consequences of sodium. Potassium impacts the balance of fluids within the body. Sodium Sodium is a crucial nutrient. In the event the heart cannot be stimulated by the shocks delivered, death will end within minutes. Even though it continues to work, it is severely impaired. The causes of coronary disease vary by type of cardiovascular disease. To summarize, cardiovascular disease and stroke are among the main cause of death in Barbados. Most doctors still refuse to provide the procedure. Treatments could include medicines and health care procedures like coronary angioplasty. The Importance of Research Paper on Heart Disease Many forms of coronary disease can be avoided or treated with healthy lifestyle choices. Clinical study has indicated that the growth of atherosclerosis occurs in childhood. Children who have obesity are more at risk The danger of developing different diseases isn't just because of obesity. Heart disease is an umbrella term for virtually any form of disorder that impacts the heart. Knowing the truth is critical, she adds, particularly for people that are concerned about cardiovascular disease or are at higher-than-average risklike, for instance, anyone with high triglycerides. Antiarrhythmic drugs are categorized into four groups. So taking drugs to deal with your diabetes would look like an intelligent thing to do. Employing the curves it's possible to see if a kid has obesity or obesity. It is normal for children that are overweight to have a decrease self-esteem. Becoming overweight is every time a kid weighs so much that it's deemed unhealthy. Becoming overweight isn't a disease, but children that are overweight are in danger of developing obesity. In the event the paper is urgent and very complicated, the purchase price will be higher, but in case you have time to wait, then we can offer lower prices. Everything is prepared for its final conclusion. Working with a personalized service needs to be not only reasonably priced but also powerful. It's essential for customers to be certain that all instructions are clear for their writer. The Good, the Bad and Research Paper on Heart Disease Heart disease research papers can concentrate on numerous elements associated with cardiovascular issues related to heart disease. Johns Hopkins experts are on the top edge of research to stop and t reat cardiovascular disease. Managing stress is an excellent idea for your general wellbeing, and researchers are studying whether managing stress is effective for heart disease. Cardiovascular System research papers analyze the organ system which regulates the body. Differences in heart disease related to current shifts weren't detected. Severe obesity is known as obesity and is regarded as a disease. Heart disease symptoms depend on what sort of heart disease you've got. There are lots of symptoms related to endocarditis. High blood glucose levels aren't the very same as diabetes. Researchers proposed that the reason behind the higher rate of coronary disease might have become the overzealous treatment of hypertension. There are a number of ways to stop cardiovascular disease, researchers say a range of risk factors that add to the disease. Besides the phylogenetic aspects contributing the familial history of myocardial infarction and related medical conditions like high blood pressure, it's evident there are other risk factors.

Essay on education in America - 930 Words

The United States has been teaching its students for countless years now. Todays education process in the United States is that of the banking process. Paulo Freire gives light to a new and advanced process by which America should learn by, one that will prove to be an investment for the nations society, and soon will. For years now we have been learning in Americas institutions for the first eighteen to twenty-five years of our lives. Always being taught by our teachers and professors, hoping that what they say will give us light to a hopeful future. Students generally sit in a classroom and absorb or bank, to put it in words of Paulo Freire, the information given or taught by the teachers. According to Paulo Freire we take information†¦show more content†¦Test it out for ourselves in a group session. Researchers report that, regardless of the subject matter, students working in small groups tend to learn more of what is taught and retain it longer than when the same content is presented in other instructional formats. Barbara Gross Davis, Tools for Teaching Group work allows multiple input into one area of study or topic and thus allows the group to come to a consensus or understanding on that topic. Group work has been tossed around for years now. In the medical field is where group consensus originated. Doctors found that having an opinion of a legion of doctors as opposed too just having the opinion of one doctor is more beneficial to the patient. The same has expanded into the business sector. Businesses encourage and often require meetings or group sessions to discuss various topics. In these meetings many ideas or viewpoints related to a common topic are laid on the table. These topics are then evaluated, reviewed, contemplated, and then put into effect. The outcome is an idea that is not only beneficial to the one who thought of it but also a benefit to the whole corporate entity. Group work allows good points from various angles to come together and form the most favorable situation. The idea of group work has been increasingly integrated into the learning process today. Teachers now allow more group work among students. Allowing to do so gives the students more freedom and thus a cushion like feeling thatShow MoreRelatedEducation in America1590 Words   |  7 PagesEducation in America: Failing Schools Education in America is one of the most important issues that face our nation. If the education in America is not thought of one of most serious issues we face, our nation as a whole will fall. There are many debates and they seemly extend to all walks of life. The debates range from the decline in education, school vouchers, and the no child left behind law. As a nation, the United States is ranked above others. 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Innocence Taken Essay - 1805 Words

Innocence Taken In a world of violence and greed, parents are on the frontlines of a morality battle for the sake of their children. If they are not battling teen drug and alcohol abuse, these protectors of progeny constantly monitor for depression, sexual behavior, bad influences, and everything under the sun that could be in harms way of their offspring. There are many predators in the game of life that seek to manipulate and deceive these innocent juveniles for personal gains and selfish reasons. At a time when their childhood experiences are building the adult that they will become, many are out seeking to distort or pervert this outcome. â€Å"Childhood has long been recognized as a critical period in the development of many†¦show more content†¦Even worse was the fact that he had been accused several times of touching students and offering them money for sexual favors (Bridges). 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Sample Police Report Free Essays

The text below is an example of a police report. Notice the following points about it: * It is written in clear, simple English. * Dates, times and other details are recorded as precisely as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Police Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Find some examples of these. ) * The â€Å"register† (i. e. the level of language) is formal. For example, there are no short forms such as â€Å"didn’t† and no colloquial words such as â€Å"nicked†. Similarly, the formal word â€Å"purchased† is used instead of â€Å"bought†. What other examples can you find? * The report is impersonal. The writer focusses on the events and the evidence, not on his own thoughts or feelings. Case Number: VT 05/04/01/3462 Incident: Vehicle Theft Reporting Officer: Constable Ranjit Singh Date of Report: 05 April 2001 At about 1040 hours on 5th April 2001, I met with Ms. Vanessa Price at 61 South Chorley Drive regarding a vehicle theft. Ms. Price said she parked her car by a parking meter outside Chorley Leisure Centre at about 0945 hours and went into a nearby shop to return a faulty torch she had purchased the previous day. She said that when she returned to the leisure centre at about 1000 hours, she discovered her car was missing. Ms. Price described her car as a maroon, 1999 Mitsubishi Eclipse with a black convertible roof. The car registration number is GTL-682-P. She estimated the value of the car at  £8,500 and said there were no distinguishing marks or items. Ms. Price told me she locked the car, but she does not have the keys. She now believes she may have left the keys in the boot lock after removing the faulty torch from the boot. Ms. Price said she gave no one permission to take her car, and she is up to date with her loan repayments. I conducted a survey of the crime scene but found no items of evidence. I saw no broken glass in the area, and there were no items to retrieve or photograph. I obtained a sworn statement from Ms. Price and provided her with the case number and Information Leaflet 99/07 (â€Å"What to do when your car is stolen†). I entered the vehicle into the station database as a stolen vehicle. I also searched the area but was unable to find the vehicle. How to cite Sample Police Report, Papers

National Culture and Public Service Motivation †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the National Culture and Public Service Motivation. Answer: Introduction The research paper argues upon national culture and management behaviour. National culture defines the values, norms and obligation of the nation that represent it beyond the boundaries. Management behaviour is managing the behaviour of the individual in various situations which will, at last, contribute in building the national culture. The objective of the research is to bring out the relativity among the national culture and management behaviour. The research paper is professionally designed. First of all the problem is been identified and after that piloting of particular problem is done to figure out whether the issue actually exists and researching upon it will be worthwhile or not. On understanding the problem thoroughly and confirming its existence the objective is quoted along with the scope of the project. Research questions are developed which are answered in the literature review followed by research methodology adopted to conduct the research. On collecting the data its analysis is made and research limitation is constructed to note down the mistakes and not repeating it in the future. At last, the conclusion is drawn which briefly elucidates the crux of the entire research paper. In nutshell, the research paper is all about national culture and behaviour management which is linked by taking the example of Dominos and how the national culture and behaviour management affects an individual life and thereby the nation as a whole. The main aim of conducting this research is to know about the national culture and management behaviour. The research paper argues over the relativity of national culture and management behaviour by understanding the cultural dimensions and the role of management behaviour in Dominos thereby bring out the dependency of national culture over management behaviour and vice versa (Impact, n.d.). This research will assist in knowing about the national culture and how it affects the behaviour and how such behaviour could be managed for benefiting the nation as a whole. The objective will be fulfilled and this might help the researcher in their future aspect as well in learning about the culture and implementing the same in the organisations where they are working or will work in the near future. The research will help in improving the organisational culture and building up the bond between two or more nation thereby enhancing the growth of the countries (Mind genius, 2017). Research questions are the motive that is to be fulfilled in the entire research. They are the questions which are to be researched on or they are the problems that will be resolved at the end of research. The researcher would get their answer after conducting the research. The particular paper argues upon the national culture and management behaviour. The research questions that need to be answered are as follows: What is the relativity between national culture and management behaviour? How management behaviour helps in developing the organisation and nation as a whole? Literature review According to Kim (2015), national culture involves the values and beliefs that a nation holds. It describes the traditions and norms that a country follows and they are they become the symbolic representation of the particular nation. These cultures and values depict about the behaviour and thoughts of the people that help in making a decision and inculcating the policies accordingly. National cultures are shared values that an individual carry with them wherever they have been, in any corner of the world (Kim, 2015). It is the combination of knowledge, experience, values, beliefs, meanings and attitude of people towards other, concept of time, the notion of the universe, rules and material objects (IGI global, 2017). On analysing many countries and studying the norms and values national culture is bifurcated in the 6 dimensions: Collectivist and individual framework, power distance, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long term orientation and indulgence. These dimensions are briefl y discussed below: Individualism: In individualism, people are independent to perform anything and are not bound by others activity. It is not actually concerned with the egoistic point of view. It supports the independent choices and admires the decision making at the individual level concerning about ones own thought and perception regarding a particular situation. As per Malaterre Foucreault (2016), collectivism works socially carrying everybody along with and this makes the individual interdependent upon the societal decision, in such situation, the independent thoughts could not be entertained and people get bound with the dominating ideas of others (Malaterre Foucreault, 2016). Power distance: In power distance, the one holding the less power tends to think that unequal distribution of power has been undertaken. They not only expect such things but either accept the one. The small group is been created and people get to know each other within the relevant time and appropriate leadership carries on as each one addresses to their leaders and members of the group. In large organisation attention towards each cannot be paid which leads to an ill feeling among one another and disturbances appear when equal attention is not paid individually (Geert Hofstede, n.d.). Masculinity: Masculinity defines the distributed roles as per the gender. Where more masculinity is emphasised the completion tends to be high having more enthusiasm related to the organisation carrying more of the masculinity approach. Such organisations are ambitious enough to acquire power and establish the high position. All those organisations that do not support the masculinity too much extent generally do not believe in gender biases and give priority to building up the relationship within the organisation (Vitell et.al, 2016). Long term oriented: The society is divided into 2 portions the short term oriented and long term oriented. The short term oriented believes in maintaining relations by spreading the cultural norms, values and beliefs and view the time in circular motion. They oscillate between past and present. The belief behind this is the work that is left incomplete in past will be completed in the present as all these are connected with one another. The long term approaches are future oriented and believe in gaining higher position and ensure the growth and development criteria. Indulgence: It focuses on fulfilling the needs of the members and approving their desires keeping the soft and generous corner towards members and emphasising over building up the relations and maintain it to create a healthy environment. As opposed to it is a restrained approach which does not bother much about relationships and follows the social rules and regulations that curb the satisfaction level and make members work oriented having no connection with one another. It demotivates the calm and soothing feeling and promotes strictness and stress. Uncertainty: This is the situation that focuses on the unpredictable circumstances. In this kind of situation, the unexpected causes occur which could be risky. These might be because of changing scenario and international dynamism in trends, taste and fashion. Such situation enhances the decision making power of the members and improve the quality of decision and increases the power to opt the risky situations. The more risk, the profit earning. Those industries which stand on a high index of uncertainty are rigid and do not welcome changes thus they are likely to stay underdeveloped. Those industries that are loose and stand low of uncertainty index are highly adaptable to changes and will, grow in a tremendous manner. These dimensions widen up the scope of decision making and enhancement of culture. They undertake the personality, attitude, behaviour, personal wealth, family history and values. Since the individual thought varies and are unpredictable in nature therefore independent individual personalities are not taken into consideration (Telelangue, 2011). It denotes the multi-cultural event that prevails in the country and an organisation as well. The management behaviour states organisational culture beyond the boundaries. After the globalisation situation has occurred the trade barriers were removed and import-export was motivated which enhances the companys revenue as well as contribute towards the countrys GDP. Also the change in organisational culture depicts the divergent people from distinct places carrying various cultures, traditions, language, working condition and living style. It is important for the organisation to understand this cross-culture and construct the organisational policies accordingly. Each member of the employee is obliged to pay equal respect to individual and help each other to cope up with the environment to create generosity. Build up the healthy relations within the organisation which will automatically result in improving relations beyond the boundary and strengthening the business of countries who all are indulged in the export import business (Cross culture, 2015). Linking National culture with Management Behaviour To clarify the management behaviour and organisational culture Dominos example will be suitable. Dominos is the largest pizza chain that exists in the world. Also it had numerous franchising running successfully across the world. In order to develop the business and flourish each and every outlet of it, first of all the culture of the particular country where the establishment is made should be thoroughly learned along with its legal policies, social norms, values and tradition of the country (Dominos, n.d.). In nutshell to open up the new franchisee or running the existing one national culture of the particular country need to be analysed and evaluated and actions should be formulated accordingly. The organisational culture also affects the organisational structure which inculcates the flow of information and passing on the authority and making delegations accordingly. The people working at Dominos are knowledgeable and aware of distinct peoples taste, trend, culture and values. The y fairly follow the national culture by providing healthy food and maintain the hygiene level to the utmost. They take care of nutritional value and promising the quick delivery which is USP of the organisation that satisfy the consumer and enhances loyalty (Dominos, 2015). Research methodology defines the entire criteria undertaken for conducting the research. It involves the problem identification, piloting, study upon the problem, data collection, interpretation of data, analysing and evaluating the data and finally implementing the data to derive the desired and worthy result. The data collection technique consists of two parts i.e. primary data and secondary data which could also be quoted as qualitative and quantitative methods which are also used in data analysis (Research methodology, 2017). 6.1 Primary data: It defines the first-hand data collection. Such data are collected personally through feedback forms, filling up the questionnaires, direct interview with people and experts and collecting data by conducting the campaign. They are mostly conducted when the research is related to the expansion of business or live market-related topic where the opinion of consumers and other people matters and solutions are gained accordingly. The platform where thoughts of other people matter at that position primary data is been used. 6.2 Secondary data: The secondary data is second-hand data collection technique. In this data collection method, the research paper earlier made by different authors and experts are collected and studied to find out the information and then including the own perspective and linking it with the earlier studies to develop new concept and theories. Examples of it are magazines, newspaper, articles, journals and book by the authorised author. This technique is adopted when scientific, analytical and intellectual research is been carried out (Community medicine, 2013). Concerning about the particular research moreover secondary research is been conducted by studying the articles and journals of the experts and authors and making out own perception to deliver the facts. The data collected is from the websites, journals and articles on the topic are intellectual and analytical. Thus, as quoted above secondary collection technique will be used. Still, for further clarity, the interviews with people are also conducted to know their views and opinions. Data analysis The data analysis is scrutinizing of the information collected and to check whether the data collected is correct or not? Is the research following the correct plan? The primary data is analysed through SPSS software or the questionnaire is evaluated in the Google forms and charts, graphs get created automatically in the excel sheet. There are certain techniques to analyse the data by using the chi-square, regression, correlation, t-test, f-test and ANOVA. The secondary data is analysed by determining whether the information collected is authentic or not. The relevance of information with the project is been calculated. Interpretation of the data is done for creating better understanding. Cross-analysis is made in order to bring clarity regarding what is happening and why is this happening? Also, the recommendations, ideas, suggestions and judgement is been given over the research topic to debate upon it and widen up the knowledge area. Gaining surety about the research objective and critically evaluate the data to reach the better and worthwhile conclusion (Study, 2017). In the following research, the data is been collected through the secondary sources and the analysis is been made. The analysis is made through creating the own understanding and bringing out the relevance of national culture and management behaviour. The relationship of both is explained by supporting it with the example of Dominos. Cross-analysis is also made along with rendering a certain recommendation to clarify the idea of the research paper and answering the research questions. Findings are the ultimate result of the research and it fulfils the objective for which the research is been conducted. It is derived from analysing the data and studying the solution thoroughly to bring out the relevance. Findings and discussion help in widening up the area of knowledge. It explains all those problems that arise before performing the research. It is the brief summary of the results that are found and it is the ultimate limit of the research being conducted. Through findings the new achievements, observations and thoughts get developed, things become easy to explain and change the current scenario (Azar, 2006). In this research following are the findings: National culture is something that represents the country beyond the boundaries and helps to explore it by the way of its tradition, values and origin. The 6 dimensions of culture help in analysing the countries and organisations situation as well. Things could be judged by implementing these dimensions and choosing the right path which fulfils the social obligations along with profit motive and building relationship among different countries. The management behaviour assists in bringing improvisations in the organisation to construct better policies and bring it into practice. Both the national culture and management behaviour are interrelated with each other. Better the culture better more will be the chances of development. Dominos is the largest pizza chain and consists of better understanding in the term of organisational culture and cross-culture behaviour. The organisation has successfully balanced the national culture and companys growth which turns to the development of the country as well by improving the GDP. Research Limitation The research limitation in the research limitation in the research paper is those drawbacks that occurred while conducting the research. If these points would not have aroused the research could be more authentic and areas of knowledge could be more diversified. These limitations help in analysing the demerits and making sure that the mistakes happened at this point in time will not be repeated in the near future. But the positive sign of limitation could be signified by the saying which goes like this: mistakes are the sign that the person is trying (Leard, 2012). Therefore the limitations associated with this research paper are: Primary data is not given much emphasis only secondary data is preferred. The data analysis made is through cross-analysis and self interpretation which may not be completely authentic. Since the data is collected from the magazines, newspaper, previous research paper and books thus, there are chances that reliability to the data is less. The research plan is the time table of the entire research. It is the plan which researcher had to follow so as to conduct the correct research and timely finish it up. It starts with the identification of the problem and ends it up with the conclusions. It is the date sheet where time and task is mentioned as researcher needs to adhere to it (University of Michigan, 2017). The action plan is been constructed and diagrammatically it is represented through the Gantt chart. Action plan Serial no. Activities Initiation Date Duration (in days) Completion Date 1 Problem identification 7th August 2017 1 7th August 2017 2 Setting up the objective 8th August 2017 1 8th August 2017 3 Research questions 9th August 2017 1 9th August 2017 4 Literature review 10th August 2017 5 14th August 2017 5 Research methodology 15th August 2017 7 21stAugust 2017 6 Data analysis 22nd August 2017 3 24th August 2017 7 Findings 25th August 2017 2 26th August 2017 8 Conclusion 27th August 2017 1 27th August 2017 Gantt chart Aug-17 Serial no. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Conclusion Therefore, from the entire research, it could be cultivated that national culture and management behaviour are interlinked. The national culture depicts the values, norms, traditions and culture of the country. These are the culture that attracts the foreign market and people to visit once and establish the organisation franchise, joint venture or merger-acquisition with different countries which will grow the relationship between the two or more countries. The management behaviour is the organisational culture that varies from country to country and organisation to organisation and balance between the national and organisational norms has to be made for simultaneous growth. Lastly, the efforts are made to relate national culture with the behaviour management to create improvisation and for this, the example of the Dominos has been used to clarify the idea and bring out connectivity and interdependence of one another. References Azar. B., 2006, Discussing your findings, viewed on 27th August 2017, https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2006/01/findings.aspx. Community medicine, 2013, Types of Data: primary and secondary data, viewed on 27th August 2017, https://communitymedicine4asses.wordpress.com/2013/01/07/types-of-data-primary-and-secondary-data/. Cross culture, 2015, The Lewis model- dimensions of behaviour, viewed on 30th August 2017, https://www.crossculture.com/latest-news/the-lewis-model-dimensions-of-behaviour/. Dominos, 2015, Culture, viewed on 30th August 2017. https://jobs.dominos.com.au/our-company/culture. Dominos, n.d., About us, viewed on 30th August 2017, https://www.dominos.co.in/about-us. Geert Hofstede, n.d., The 6-D model of national culture, viewed on 25th August 2017, https://geerthofstede.com/culture-geert-hofstede-gert-jan-hofstede/6d-model-of-national-culture/. IGI Global, 2017, What is national culture, viewed on 25th August 2017, https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/national-culture/19905. Impact, n.d., What is project objective? viewed on 26th August 2017, https://impact.zewo.ch/en/impact/step1_define_objectives/project_objective. Kim. S., 2015, National culture and public service motivation: investigating the relationship using Hofstedes five cultural dimensions, viewed on 26th August 2017, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0020852315596214. Leard, 2012, Structure- how to structure the research limitations section of your dissertation, viewed on 27th August 2017, https://dissertation.laerd.com/how-to-structure-the-research-limitations-section-of-your-dissertation.php. Malaterre. A.O., Foucreault.A., 2016, Cross-national work-life research, viewed on 26th August 2017. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0149206316655873. Mind genius, 2017, Develop a project scope statement, viewed on 26th August 2017, https://www.mindgenius.com/Resources/Documents/Process-Improvement/Project-Scope-Statement-with-MindGenius.aspx. Research methodology, 2016, Types of Research Methods, viewed on 27th August 2017, https://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/research-types/. Study, 2017, Secondary data analysis: methods and advantages, viewed on 26th August 2017, https://study.com/academy/lesson/secondary-data-analysis-methods-advantages.html . Telelangue, 2011, Geert Hofstede and cultural-dimensions theory-an overview, viewed on 25th August 2017, https://news.telelangue.com/en/2011/09/cultural-theory. University of Michigan, 2017, Research proposals- plan or approach, viewed on 27th August 2017, https://orsp.umich.edu/research-proposals-plan-or-approach. Vitell. S.J., et.al, 2016, Spirituality, moral identity, and consumer ethics: a multi-cultural study, Journal of Business Ethics, vol.139, no.1, p.p. 147-160. Word press, 2015, Geert Hofstede: the 6 Dimensions of NationalCulture, viewed on 25th August 2017, https://h00247879.wordpress.com/2015/09/26/hofstedes-six dimensions/.