Tuesday, August 25, 2020
How to use the knowledge the effective business communication Effect Essay
Step by step instructions to utilize the information the powerful business correspondence Effect the future injobs and schools - Essay Example Messages that are conveyed in an association should be composed and sent in a way which could without much of a stretch be perused and comprehended by the correct blend of crowds that work inside an association. This implies the language utilized ought to be coherent and simple to decipher. (Jackson, 2007) Any association would beyond all doubt need to have representatives who could make out from a wide range of Internet dialects, which additionally exposes the thought of comprehension and fathoming the ââ¬Ënet lingoââ¬â¢ â⬠the blend of casual Internet language and the normal, day by day use terms like ââ¬Ëheyââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëuââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëf9ââ¬â¢, etc. Various influences run over inside business correspondence precepts. One depends on the direct convincing capacities while others are progressively quiet and aloof in nature. So also, messages may extend from a proper nature to one of a casual one. Pursuit of employment components inside an association may become huge when there is a need to enlist new workers. For this procedure, introductory letters and continues are checked upon with the goal that hopeful applicants could be called upon and allowed to communicate their qualities in the meeting meetings. An effective correspondence framework is accomplished via preparing and help for the representatives inside their workplaces and work places. Be an organization in Calcutta, Brisbane or Hong Kong, it is vital for the organization proprietors to comprehend the requirement for a strong stage for all individuals inside it, the ones cooperating with it and all the rest to talk openly and express the thoughts and offer the contemplations which are so extremely fundamental for the advancement of ties among various branch outlets of an organization and more than that, the individuals inside them. There is a requirement for a code-breaker inside the business, which comprehends what the other individual is stating and what he/she is attempting to go through his/her decisions, all the more so
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Michigan
In spite of the governorââ¬â¢s beautiful language abot elective powers and endeavors to make an organization with Sweden for the advancement of elective fuel use in Michigan, the state is still not even close to where it ought to be regarding utilization of elective powers. The reasons are basic and complex all simultaneously. Individuals donââ¬â¢t need to purchase vehicles which utilize elective powers in the event that they canââ¬â¢t purchase that fuel at the nearby store and neighborhood stores donââ¬â¢t need to convey an item that nobody is buying.â â On a site for Ford Truck enthusiasts,â one shopper said he couldn't want anything more than to have a biodiesel truck or a flex fuel Ford Ranger, however even with the motivating forces the state has received to advance the utilization of these powers, they are not commonly accessible at the corner store. What's more, Michiganââ¬â¢s motivations, for example, a 12 pennies for every gallon deals charge credit on some elective fills, don't represent advertise changes that are intrinsic in a framework that depends on just ethanol and oil energizes. In the most noticeably awful conditions, outrageous forms of the late spring of 2007, a dry spell in significant corn-delivering states could raise the cost of ethanol and OPEC creation games can expand the cost of gas. Since biodiesel and other elective powers are not handily utilized in many vehicles, customers are still trapped in a Catch-22. Changing to one elective fuel doesn't make it promptly accessible. With expansion as the vehicle producers search for progressively effective approaches to impel their vehicles and spare the environment,â customers can't be guaranteed that their ââ¬Å"alternative fuelâ⬠vehicle of today won't be an out of date paperweight with no fuel accessible in only a couple of years. Interestingly, for all the assaults on the car business, Michigan and automakers are attempting to think of an answer for the earth and for business. Lamentably, the organizations and scientists canââ¬â¢t concur on what the best elective fuel source is.â Ethanol depends of the developing season, propane is as yet a petroleum product and methane is hard to move securely. Biodiesel, a type of overwhelming vegetable oil, additionally requires great harvests. With moving climate designs over the globe, makers are reluctant to depend on a framework which requires a decent developing season. Besides, numerous activists are currently contending that the farmland used to make corn and soy beans for use in elective powers further adds to the an unnatural weather change issue by obliterating farmland. To put it plainly, Michigan is attempting to address the elective fuel needs of the state and the nation, yet until the innovation and creation capacity meet, buyers are more averse to get tied up with the elective fuel choice than authorities might want. Half breeds are mainstream, however generally doubtful regarding long haul mechanical strength and elective fuel vehicles just arenââ¬â¢t alluring for mass utilization. Until Michigan can take care of the gracefully chain for elective fills and the unwavering quality of vehicles worked to utilize them, the elective energizes exertion in Michigan will be solid, however not horrendously successful.
Sunday, August 2, 2020
How to Test Conformity With Your Own Experiment
How to Test Conformity With Your Own Experiment Student Resources Study Guides and Tips Print How to Test Conformity With Your Own Psychology Experiment By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 17, 2019 skynesher / Getty Images More in Student Resources Study Guides and Tips APA Style and Writing Careers In This Article Table of Contents Expand History Examples Ideas for Conducting an Experiment View All Back To Top A conformity experiment can be an interesting project idea if you need to perform some sort of experiment for a psychology class. Learn more about the psychology of conformity and explore some conformity experiment ideas that you might want to consider. History of the Conformity Experiment During the 1950s, psychologist Solomon Asch conducted a series of experiments known as the Asch conformity experiments that demonstrated the impact of social pressure on individual behavior. In Aschs classic experiment, participants were told that they were in an experiment on vision. With a group of other people, they were asked to look at three lines of different lengths and determine which one was the longest. Participants were then placed with a group that they thought included other subjects in the study. In reality, the other individuals were actually confederates in the experiment. After a few trials where everyone stated the correct answer, the confederates all began choosing an incorrect answer. So how did the real participants respond when the other individuals in the group chose the wrong line as the correct response? When surrounded by other people citing the incorrect answer, 75% of the subjects gave an incorrect response to at least one of the line length questions. How do you think that you or your peers would react in a similar situation? If you are looking for a psychology experiment you can do for a class consider creating your own variation of the Asch conformity experiment. Example of a Conformity Experiment One way to envision your own experiment is to consider some of the conformity experiments that have been performed in the past. Historical research as well as more recent variations can help you better determine how you might want to conduct your own experiment. Imagine this scenario: Youre in a math class, and the instructor asks a basic math question. What is 8 x 4? The teacher begins asking individual students in the room for the answer. You are surprised when the first student answers 27. Then the next student answers 27. And the next! When the teacher finally comes to you, do you trust your own math skills and say 32? Or do you go along with what the rest of the group seems to believe is the correct answer? Other Examples of Conformity Experiments One conformity experiment was performed on the TV show Candid Camera and involved a group of people on an elevator who all stood facing the rear of the elevator. Inevitably, everyone else who got on ended up also facing the rear so as not to stand out from the rest. One young man even turned repeatedly to every side along with the rest of the group and took off his hat when the others did. Other conformity experiments that have been performed include:Having a group of people stare up at a buildingPicketing with blank signs and pamphlets for no specific causeWhen one student leaves the classroom, the teacher has everyone else stand up when the student returns and sits down Ideas for Conducting Your Own Conformity Experiment The following are just a few ideas of questions you could answer in your own psychology experiment: How does group size impact conformity? Try the experiment with different numbers of confederates, or helpers, to see how many other people must be present before a person starts conforming to the group.What effect does age have on conformity? Try the experiment with participants in different age groups to see if the results differ.What impact does gender have on conformity? Are women more likely to conform if the other participants are other women? Are men more likely to conform if the other participants are male? Try different variations to see what effect gender may have.How does the situation influence conformity? Are people more likely to conform in certain settings, such as a classroom, than they are in more natural, everyday settings? Run trials in different settings to see if there is a difference. For More Advice Performing a psychology experiment for class can be a bit intimidating. Before you begin, always talk about your experiment idea with your instructor and be sure that you have permission to carry out your project. In some cases, you will probably need to submit your idea for review beforehand in order to receive permission to experiment with human participants. 5 Important Steps for Conducting Psychology Experiments
Saturday, May 23, 2020
Monday, May 11, 2020
Death Of A Salesman Illusion In An American Tragedy Essay
When the realities of life become too harsh, humankind has a natural tendency to choose the most convenient solution to his problem: illusion. They build dreams and fantasies to conceal the more difficult truths of their lives. In his play Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller portrays the hold of such illusions on individuals and its horrible consequences. Through the overly average, overly typical Loman family, Miller shows how dreams of a better life become, as Choudhuri put it, ââ¬Å"fantasies to the point that the difference between illusion and reality, the Lomanââ¬â¢s dreams and the forces of society, becomes blurredâ⬠(Choudhuri 70). The Loman family created dreams and illusions that were far better than their reality. In Death of aâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Choudhuri explains that the mood of the play begins with dreams and longings of the heart, but ends with sorrow and disillusionment (Choudhuri 69). The play opens with, ââ¬Å"A melody is heard, played upon a fl ute. It is a small and fine telling of grass and tress and the horizonâ⬠¦an air of the dream clings to the placeâ⬠(Miller 1, 1). This set the mood of happiness surrounded by fantasy and illusion. In the end, the mood completely changes with, ââ¬Å"Only the music of the flute is left on the darkening stageâ⬠(Miller 139, 2). These words complete the play with a darkened environment of disillusionment which perfectly accompanies the disillusionment of the characters. Choudhuri also points out that a certain irony also sets off the theme of disillusionment, projecting Willyââ¬â¢s idealism and then the starkness of his situation (Choudhuri 73). Linda tells Willy, ââ¬Å"Will, darling, youââ¬â¢re the handsomest man in the world,â⬠(Miller 31, 1) but she is interrupted by the laughter of Willyââ¬â¢s mistress. Willy gives his mistress stockings, and shortly after, Linda is seen mending some stockings of her own. Yet another example of this irony is in Act II. Willy expresses his opinion that Biff is spiteful and ruining himself, and then Miller shows Biffsââ¬â¢ shock at discovering his fatherââ¬â¢s adultery. The most apparent symbol of Willyââ¬â¢s fantasies and his eventual disillusionment is Millerââ¬â¢s use of flashback. Choudhuri describes that at first there is a distinction between reality and illusion (theShow MoreRelatedEssay about The American Dream in Death of a Salesman1371 Words à |à 6 PagesArthur Millerââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËDeath of a Salesmanââ¬â¢ is an examination of American life and consumerism. It relates the story of a common man who portrays this lifestyle. Other issues explored in the play include: materialism, procrastination and alienation. The play was set in 1948, in a time where The American Dream was highly regarded, despite the Depression. The American Dream was a belief that emerged in the later half of the nineteenth century, that if you work hard you will achieve success and prosperityRead More Illusion Versus Reality in Death of a Salesman Essay1532 Words à |à 7 PagesIllusion Versus Reality in Death of a Salesmanà à A major theme and source of conflict throughout Millers play, Death of a Salesman, is the Loman familys inability to distinguish between reality and illusion.à This is particularly evident in the father, Willy Loman.à Willy has created a fantasy world for himself and his family.à In this world, he and his sons are men of greatness that have what it takes to make it in the business environment.à In reality, none of them can achieve greatnessRead MoreA Tragic Fate Caused by a Society Filled with Realism Essay1068 Words à |à 5 Pagesrealistic master in the American theatrical circles in the post world period. Modern American society is the background of his many works, which portray common mans common life, fully reflect the real features of the American society in that period. He always laid stress on the society, which he describes as a strength related to money, social moral, and relations with people, etc. Death of a salesman is Arthur Millers most famous and notable play. It is a modern tragedy, the hero, Willy Loman isRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1136 Words à |à 5 Pages2015 Death of a Salesman In ââ¬Å"Death of a Salesmanâ⬠by Arthur Miller is a domestic tragedy that focuses on the Lomanââ¬â¢ dysfunctional family. The authorââ¬â¢s approach in this story is to define tragedy through the Loman familyââ¬â¢s inability to distinguish reality from illusion, and especially the father Willy Loman whoââ¬â¢s caught up in this fantasy world he created for him and his family. This tragic flaw will lead him to his death and make him miserable in the last few hours of his life. These illusions heRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman Is A Tragedy In The Sense That It Displays1015 Words à |à 5 PagesDeath of a Salesman is a tragedy in the sense that it displays the consequences of commitment of one s life towards an idealistic goal such as the American Dream. Willy Loman fails to see that he is an unsuccessful salesman and to escape that harsh reality, he constantly reminisces his past. Which beg the question, is Willy Loman a tragic hero? He may not be a conventional tragic hero but he indeed had a downfall however, he wasnââ¬â¢t in a distinguished position to say the least. He was everybody yetRead More Comparing the Tragedies of Hamlet, Oedipus the King, and Death of a Salesman1023 Words à |à 5 PagesComparing the Tragedies of Hamlet, Oedipus the King, and Death of a Salesman The tragedies Hamlet, Oedipus the King, and Death of a Salesman have strikingly different plots and characters; however, each play shares common elements in its resolution. The events in the playsââ¬â¢ closings derive from a tragic flaw possessed by the protagonist in each play. The downfall of each protagonist is caused by his inability to effectively cope with his tragic flaw. The various similarities in the closingRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 1461 Words à |à 6 PagesMice and Men is a novella portraying the failure of the American Dream. Steinbeck explores many different aspects of the life in the 1930 s throughout the novella e.g. racism. Of Mice and Men teaches the grim lesson about the nature of the human existence, showing the impossible and pragmatic truth of the American Dream. Miller also does this, as in Death of a Salesman , Miller, shows that there are different versions of the American Dream. Willy believes that one only can rise to the topRea d MoreDeath of a Tragic Hero in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller836 Words à |à 4 PagesDeath of a Tragic Hero in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Since the beginning of time, man has endeavored to become something more, to grow as a society. This has been accomplished through many extremes from war and conquest to science and exploration. The struggle endured during these events has indeed been great, but there is no greater struggle, nor one that reaps more reward, than that which the individual goes through to discover himself. Benjamin Franklin once said, ââ¬Å"ThereRead More Dreams and Success in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Essay1748 Words à |à 7 PagesDreams and Success in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesmanà à à à à In Arthur Millers play, Death of a Salesman, Miller probes the dream of Willy Lowman while making a statement about the dreams of American society. This essay will explore how each character of the play contributes to Willys dream, success, and failure. à à à à à à à à à à à Willy is the aging salesman whose imagination is much larger than his sales ability. Willys wife, Linda, stands by her husband even in his absence of realismRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1387 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe famous American play-write Arthur Miller, is undoubtedly Death of a Salesman. Arthur Miller wrote Death of a Salesman in 1949 at the time when America was evolving into an economic powerhouse. Arthur Miller critiques the system of capitalism and he also tells of the reality of the American Dream. Not only does he do these things, but he brings to light the idea of the dysfunctional family. Death of a Salesman is one of Americaââ¬â¢s saddest tragedies. In Arthur Millerââ¬â¢s, Death of a Salesman, three major
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Case16 Alarm Ringing Nokia in 2010 Free Essays
string(50) " the papers that is relevant to their discipline\." Strategic Management Case Analysis Firm Analysis Roy L. Simerly Department of Management 3106 Bate East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858-4353 (252) 328-6632 (Work) (252) 328-4094 (Fax) simerlyr@mail. ecu. We will write a custom essay sample on Case16 Alarm Ringing: Nokia in 2010 or any similar topic only for you Order Now edu Strategic Management Case Analysis Firm Analysis Abstract This is the second part of a two part series dealing with the complexities of case analysis in Strategic Management courses. One of the primary function of Strategic Management is to serve as a cap-stone course integrating the material students have accumulated throughout their course of study within a business school. There is a need for instruments that will provide the necessary integration and opportunity for application of acquired knowledge. There is also the reality that students do not remember all that they should from previous courses. Equally important is the necessity to impart the basics of Strategic Management as a discipline in its own right. It is the theoretical foundation of Strategic Management that provides the rational for the integration. The purpose of this article is to provide an outline for analysis of a firm. I use this method at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. The only difference is that graduate students are expected to show more sophistication in their presentations. Strategic Management Case Analysis Firm Analysis This is the second of a two part series dealing with one approach to case analysis in Strategic Management classes. This paper takes the view that Strategic Management is a cap-stone course intended to integrate the material students have accumulated throughout their course of study within a business school. Strategic Management is, in fact, the only course that has as its stated purpose the integration and application of key management concepts. Normally, students are expected to have a working knowledge of the primary business management disciplines of accounting, economics, finance, marketing, and operations, when entering the course. When instructors present case analysis, it is usually as a three-step process progressing from economic, to industry, and finally, to company analysis. In doing so they face the challenge of creating a classroom experience that enables students to conceptualize the framework as an integrated whole. The challenges for the instructor are interesting to say the least. First, there is the need for the instructor to understand the intent of each of the primary business management disciplines, as well as what the student can be expected to accomplish. Second, there is the need for instruments that will provide the necessary integration and opportunity for application of acquired knowledge. Third, there is the reality that students do not always remember all that they should. This leaves a great deal to be accomplished within one semester. An equally important challenge is the necessity to impart the basics of Strategic Management as a discipline in its own right. It is the theoretical foundation of Strategic Management that provides the rational for the integration. More importantly, the students needs an understanding of ââ¬Ëwhenââ¬â¢ to use ââ¬Ëwhatââ¬â¢ techniques in the business world. Given these challenges, I use ââ¬â among other classroom techniques ââ¬â case analysis. Students are required to provide analysis and discussion for a number of short cases throughout the semester. All are taken from current publications such as, Business Week, Fortune, Forbes and The Economist. I find that text book cases do not provide the currency necessary. These cases are used to demonstrate the text theory under discussion, and to show the relevance of specific elements of the major written cases. I require two major written cases. The first is an analysis of an industry, and the second is an analysis of a firm within that industry. Both are essential to achieve the learning objectives for the course. The learning objective for the course is: to understand how the top manager (CEO) is responsible for ensuring the long term survival of the firm within its competitive environment. The learning objective for the written case analyses is: to arrive at a point where they can develop a sound business plan to ensure the survival of their chosen firm within its competitive environment. Also, to appreciate the complexities of collecting and understanding the relevance of the vast amount of information available. The learning objective for the industry analysis is: to determine the opportunities and threats that exist for firms within a competitive environment. They should be able to appreciate how the various forces operating in an industry create or limit the chances for survival. The learning objective for the firm analysis is: to determine the strengths and weaknesses of a firm; and, to determine the core competence that can be built on to establish a competitive advantage. The final step is to develop a business plan that will align the capabilities of the firm with the requirements of the competitive environment. Students are required to work in teams to complete the two major case write-ups. They will later make a presentation of their findings. I require teams because the most difficult part of management is the management of human resources. By setting specific guidelines for students I make their grade contingent on their management abilities as well as their ability to complete the projects. Team size is limited to 3 or 4 members. They are free to choose their firm and its industry. I strongly suggest that they select a firm that has a production function. This makes it easier to see the four organizational functions being integrated. I also encourage them to select an industry that would be suitable for employment based on their particular interests, and primary area of concentration. For example, accounting majors are encouraged to examine an accounting firm. Finance majors are pointed toward the banking industry. In the end, the students make choices based on group consensus and personal interests. However, a mixture of majors can be an advantage when working on the papers. The possible collaboration and integration of different perspectives is one advantage; another is the opportunity to work on a part of the papers that is relevant to their discipline. You read "Case16 Alarm Ringing: Nokia in 2010" in category "Essay examples" How firmââ¬â¢s performance is defined is left to the student. I must approve all choices prior to the student beginning work. In this way, I am sure that the projects are do-able. No two groups are allowed to do the same firm within the same class, but they can do different firms within the same industry. There are no ââ¬Ëeasyââ¬â¢ industries or firms. Each has its own challenges. A significant amount of time is spent covering analysis techniques, and the resources available, prior to the students starting on the projects. They are also encouraged to divide the work up into specific areas. For example, for the firm paper: do the four functional areas first, then do the introduction and conclusion. This gives a reasonable balance to the work load. One common complaint about this approach to case writing is that a student working on one section of the paper will not learn about the other sections of the paper. Every approach to case writing has a limitation, but I think that this one is manageable. First, the intent is not to teach students about one particular industry. It is to teach them the relevance, and the techniques, of industry and firm analysis. Stressing this point early on is very important. It is important to note that I do not give the students too many specific directions. I want them to do their own research and make discoveries along the way. There is no one right answer. Correctness ââ¬â if such exists ââ¬â is a product of the logic used in the analysis. For example, two measures of economies of scale are required. It does not matter which measures are used, what matters is that the student reasons through the problem and finds a means of justifying a position. If I give too much detail it limits the imagination of the student and prevents discoveries that could be significant. To help get the students oriented, I do provide complete ââ¬Ësampleââ¬â¢ papers from a previous class. I am careful to ensure that the sample papers are on an industry and firm not currently being done. I do not have to worry about copying, or other forms of cheating. The papers must be up-to-date, which means significant recent citations in the bibliography. Additionally, I do provide the students with the opportunity of sending in parts of the project as they write. I then provide feedback to prevent them going off on tangents and wasting valuable time. Most students find this method beneficial as they work. I find the quality of the papers improves dramatically over the course of the semester. It is critical to stress that this is a business report, and not an English paper. Each paper will take on significant proportions (30 to 50 pages) if just the required work is done. If focus is not maintained, the size becomes unmanageable. Assumptions and common knowledge are not accepted. Everything has to be proven in some manner, if just by an interview with a business person. Quantitative and qualitative analysis are required. I give a number of examples in class of how wrong ââ¬Ëcommon knowledgeââ¬â¢ can be. The firm paper analysis that follows has been adapted from the work of Wheelen Hunger (2000)[1]. Their model for the evaluation of firms has been evolving for over a decade, and represents one of the more concise approaches to firm analysis. This approach is compatible with a number of Strategic Management text and can easily be adapted to most situations. In addition, my own experiences in the business world have been incorporated. In what follows, I cover in some detail the outline for the firm paper. This outline is given to the students in its entirety. FIRM PAPER OUTLINE This outline is only a guide. Each firm is unique, and you are responsible for adapting your paper to fit the circumstance. Form is important, but must not replace reason. Learning Objective: to determine the strengths and weaknesses of a firm; and, to determine the core competence that can be built on to establish a competitive advantage. Method: Firm analysis and the development of an abbreviated business plan to ensure long term survival within the competitive environment. Compare your firm to a better performing firm within the same industry, or to the industry trends that you created in the industry paper. Maintain your focus on the questions being asked. Provide conclusions for each section and sub-section. A decision matrix should be provided at the end of each section, and an overall matrix provided in the conclusion section. Where quantitative analysis is required, provide numbers expressed as ratios. Use five years of data to establish trends. Where qualitative analysis is required, provide citations to support your arguments. Assumptions and common knowledge are not accepted. Continuity: I do read these papers! Be sure that if you make a declarative statement in one section, you do not contradict yourself in another. While it is a team project, I read it as the work of one person. Integrate the paper. Please number pages, and use section headings and sub-headings. Help is just a mouse-click away! I strongly encourage you to show me your work as you progress. I can, and will, save you hours of frustration if you will show me what you are doing. I. Current Situation A. Brief firm history. What industries and industry segments is your firm involved in, and what will be the focus of the paper? You can not do all of the industries or segments in one semester. Make a rational choice that aligns the firm paper with the industry paper. Provide a statement of the current position or situation of your firm within the industry (i. e. how goes it). How diversified is this firm? Related or unrelated (you may discuss this wherever you think most appropriate)? B. Strategic Posture. 1. What is the current mission? Did you have to deduce it, or was it stated. Is there a clear point B (an objective that we can quantify)? You should be concerned with both the quality of the mission statement, and it s appropriateness for the competitive environment. You will be able to address this issue after you complete the firm analysis. 2. What is the current (Porterââ¬â¢s generic) strategy? Since you are only doing one segment, you are concerned with business-level strategy only. Is this strategy consistent with the mission, appropriate for the environmental context, being followed by management? Again, this is best answered after the analysis is complete. II. External Environment (Opportunities and Threats. ) This section is a restatement of some of your industry paper work. You restate your findings with respect to this specific firm. A. Socio-cultural. What general environmental factors among the socio-cultural, economic, political-legal, and technological forces are currently affecting both the firm and the industry in which it competes? Which present, current, or future threats or opportunities are important to your firm? B. Task Environment. Which of the five forces (Porterââ¬â¢s) in the immediate environment are currently affecting the level of competitive intensity within the industry? Which present current or future threats or opportunities important to your firm? III. Internal Environment (Strengths and Weaknesses) The only way to know if your firm is doing well is through comparison. Therefore, almost all of the elements that follow require the analysis of your firm and then a comparison to a better performing firm, or to industry standards. A. Management. The objective of the management function is to ensure the long-term survival of the firm within its competitive environment. Begin with your assessment of how management has addressed this objective. 1. Board of Directors. The objective of the board is to provide oversight of the firm. Based on your observations is this board appropriate for the competitive environment of this organization? a. What is the board size and composition (averages for all firms is 74% external, with 14 members total). b. What are their skills? Do you have the four functional areas covered? c. Do they own a significant percentage of stock? Here you are testing elements of agency theory. d. What is their level of involvement in the oversight of the corporation? That is, what committees are they on? How often do they meet? 2. Top Management (usually only the CEO). The objective of management is to ensure the survival of the organization within its environment. Is management achieving that objective? a. What are top managementââ¬â¢s chief characteristics in terms of knowledge, skills, background, and management style? Is top management sufficiently skilled to cope with likely future challenges? Has it established a systematic approach to the formulation, implementation, evaluation and control of strategic management? Is there a vision, clearly articulated, guiding corporate activities (i. e. , does this manager know where the organization is headed)? What is the degree of stock ownership, and is it appropriate? b. Organizational Structure. What is the present structure? Discuss decision making authority, degree of autonomy, team building, empowerment, etc. Is the structure appropriate for the competitive environment and consistent with the current strategy and mission? c. Culture. Is there a well defined or emerging culture composed of shared beliefs, expectations, and values? Is the culture a source of support or hindrance to achieving the mission/strategy of the corporation? B. Marketing The objective of the marketing function is to maximize market share. Are they achieving this objective? You should be able to provide a graph of market share change over time compared to another firm or the industry. What is the market share change of the firm in relation to market growth? Remember to use ratios, not raw numbers. How well is the corporation performing in terms of market position and marketing mix? You answer this by comparing the 4 Pââ¬â¢s to a better performing firm. 1. How well does your firmââ¬â¢s product offering (product mix) compare to a better performing firm? 2. Is the firmââ¬â¢s pricing appropriate? 3. Compare the place (distribution system) of the product offering. 4. Evaluate the promotional efforts of the firm. What is the payoff for the money spend on advertising? Is there a relationship between advertising and market share change? Provide a conclusion to this section. What trends do you see from analysis of their past performance? I suggest using a decision matrix. From your analysis, what are the strengths and weaknesses of this function? C. Operations/Production. This section will be revised for those teams doing a service firm. While the basic arguments are the same, the methods will be different. Consult with your instructor before beginning this section if you are doing a service organization. The objective of the operations function is to increase productivity. Are they achieving this objective? This is also the functional area where you can best evaluate whether your firm is following the logic of re-investing in itself (the logic of the managerial enterprise)? 1. In order to achieve improvements in productivity, the firm must be re-investing in itself. What is the trend in capital spending? What is the trend in productivity improvement? 2. In combination with the marketing section, has this firms emphasized product development, or diversification, for growth (the Chandler argument)? No longer required. 3. Operating leverage. How has the mix of people to capital changed over time ââ¬â are fixed costs rising? What are the trends in costs per unit of labor, inventory control, etc.? 4. Research Development. What return is the corporation receiving from its RD investment? Is the firm technologically competent? How well does the firmââ¬â¢s investment compare with similar corporations? What is the bang for the buck! Provide a conclusion to this section. I suggest using a decision matrix. From your analysis, what are the strengths and weaknesses of this function? D. Finance The objective of the finance function is to maximize shareholder wealth. Are they achieving this objective? I would prefer total returns to investors over time as the measure here. The data are available. 1. Remember to use at least five years of data for the most important factors. What trends do you see emerging from this analysis? Suggested ratios are contained in the text. 2. How well is the corporation performing compared to competition? 3. Capital Asset Pricing Model. (Class lecture notes) What is the cost of capital for this firm? What impact does this have on competitiveness? What does your analysis tell you about the probability that management will reinvest in the firm? 4. Debt to Equity policy and susceptibility to external forces, such as debt covenants, take-over attempts, etc. As lecture material points out, the capital structure decision is very important to the survival of the firm. Crunching of numbers is not the objective here. You are looking for significant trends that can impact the survivability of the firm. As you find negative trends that could effect other organizational functions, tell your team mates. What have they discovered? This section can not stand on its own, it has to be integrated into the overall paper. Provide a conclusion to this section. I suggest using a decision matrix. From your analysis, what are the strengths and weaknesses of this function? E. Human Resource Management. If applicable ââ¬â i. e. , are unions involved? If so, you are concerned with the HRM function of the organization. F. Management Information Systems. If applicable. Is you firm having problems with its MIS system? Readings from articles should give a clue. If no problem is noted, you do not have to include this section. IV. Critical Success Factors. From your industry paper, discuss how your firm is addressing these factors. Most of these factors (2 of 3) will lend themselves to quantitative analysis and comparison. V. Strategic Problem. From your analysis, what is THE strategic problem of this firm. This is only one paragraph and not a laundry list. Clue ââ¬â your paragraph will begin: Management has failed to ensure the long-term survival of this firm becauseâ⬠¦.. VI. Strategic Alternatives. Provide appropriate strategic alternatives stated as strategies, not as elements of a strategy. Discuss the proââ¬â¢s and conââ¬â¢s of each. The current strategy, if appropriate, could be one of the alternatives if the firm simply needs to improve the implementation of that strategy. VII. Recommendation. From your alternatives, what ONE strategy do you recommend, and why? This is only one or two paragraphs. VIII. Implementation. This is the section where most teams lose it. Remember that strategy is a pattern of actions and activities. A. Give SPECIFIC recommendations on how you would implement your strategic choice. Provide details addressing each of the four functional areas. B. Show how you are solving the weaknesses and building on the strengths of each functional area. C. What is the core competence of this organization? Can we build a sustainable competitive advantage within this industry? D. Include a basic pro forma for at least 5 years out to see the impact of your changes. Use your best guess on the numbers, indicating your assumptions. E. Conclude the paper with your prognosis for the firm. This is the grade sheet for the firm paper Case Name_________________________ Bibliography: Appendices, graphs, tables: Firm Business Segments: Strategy: Mission: Corporate ownership: Board of Directors: R: Type and Degree of Diversification: Capital investment related to performance: Social/Environmental programs: Growth rate of firm: Cost of Capital (CAPM): Take over target: Asset base compared to competitors: Historical financial data: S. W. O. T. : C. S. F. ââ¬Ës: Analysis of the functional areas: Management: Marketing: Operations: Finance: ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â [1] Wheelen, T. L. Hunger, J. D. 2000. Strategic Management. Upper Saddle River, N. J. U. S. A: Prentice Hall How to cite Case16 Alarm Ringing: Nokia in 2010, Essay examples
Thursday, April 30, 2020
The Montessori Method- A Rhetorical Analysis free essay sample
Maria Montessori graduated in 1894 from the University of Romeââ¬â¢s medical school, becoming Italyââ¬â¢s first female doctor. This was a feat that reinforced Montessoriââ¬â¢s commitment to womenââ¬â¢s rights. Living in the 20th century, Montessori noticed societyââ¬â¢s use of science as an approach to improving education. She believed these strategies were scientifically irrelevant to the teaching of students. In her writing ââ¬Å"The Montessori Methodâ⬠, Maria Montessori effectively convinces her reader that to be an effective educator, a teacher must learn how to educate the child from the child himself. Montessori makes good use of analogies and rhetorical appeals to back up her argument. She emphasizes the freedom of the student and rejects the scientific approach to learning. Montessori uses ethos appeal at the beginning of her argument by referencing Jean Jacques Rousseau and his view of liberty (576). This is an effective use of ethos because while it gives Montessori credibility as a writer, it also sets up the reader for her sub-claim that ââ¬Å"It is a conquest of liberty which the school needs, not the mechanism of a benchâ⬠(Montessori 579). We will write a custom essay sample on The Montessori Method- A Rhetorical Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She incorporates Rousseauââ¬â¢s ideas of liberty with ââ¬Å"social libertyâ⬠in the classroom. This supports her main argument of ââ¬Å"studying the pupil before educating himâ⬠because you canââ¬â¢t sit a child down, immobile, in a desk and feed him or her dry, pointless facts and expect them Welch 2 to become educated. You must allow the child freedom in the classroom, analyze the way the child pursues his own learning, and incorporate his methods into your teaching of the child. This is much more effective because it creates interest in the child to learn rather than provoking them to. She also uses the word ââ¬Å"slaveâ⬠basically to describe the way the child is forced to learn. This comparison is especially effective when considering Montessoriââ¬â¢s audience. No parent would want to put their child in an environment where they can be described as slaves and what kind of teacher wants to assume the role of the slave master? Generally, Montessori provides support for her claims in the form ofà analogies. On page 578, she says, ââ¬Å"The underfed workman does not ask for tonic, but for better economic conditions which shall prevent malnutritionâ⬠. Immediately after, she uses another analogy when she says ââ¬Å"The miner who, through the stooping position maintained during many hours of the day, is subject to inguinal rupture, does not ask for an abdominal support, but demands shorter hours and better working conditions, in order that he may be able to lead a healthy life like other menâ⬠. Both these analogies refer to her claim that better education will result from the understanding of how children pursue their own learning. Montessoriââ¬â¢s analogies are especially effective because they provide a better understanding for the reader of the argument that she is trying to get across. Her analogies provide a more understandable and relatable topic for her audience. Montessori makes a smooth transition into another claim when she says ââ¬Å"We know only two spectacle of the teacher who, in the ordinary classroom, must poor certain cut and dry facts into the heads of the scholars. In order to succeed in this Welch 3 barren task, she finds it necessary to discipline her pupils into immobility and to force their attention. Prizes and punishments are ever-ready and efficient aids to the master who must force into a given attitude of mind and body those who are condemned to be his listeners ââ¬Å" (580). This statement does a near perfect job of wrapping up her previous claim, while at the same time, introducing another one of her oppositions to the conduct of an ordinary classroom. Montessori thinks that prizes and punishments have a negative impact on a childââ¬â¢s learning. The giving of prizes and punishments are supposed to motivate students, but according to Montessori, prizes and punishments have a overall negative impact on learning because the students donââ¬â¢t want to learn out of curiosity, but rather forced effort. Therefore, there is no natural development of the childââ¬â¢s knowledge. She adds support to this claim with the use of a metaphor. The metaphor states that such prizes and punishments are ââ¬Å"the bench of the soul, the instrument of slavery for the spiritâ⬠(Montessori 580). This metaphor compares the effectiveness of prizes and punishments to the effectiveness of the science of the modern classroom desk. Like all the scientific effort put intoà perfecting the school desk, prizes and punishments have no positive effect on a childââ¬â¢s education. In the same paragraph Montessori uses another analogy to reiterate her strong belief in the freedom that students deserve in the classroom. ââ¬Å"The jockey offers a piece of sugar to his horse jumping into the saddle, the coachman beats his horse that may he respond to the signs given by the reins; and yet, neither of these runs so superbly as the free horse of the plainsâ⬠. What she means is, the students that are se t free in the classroom and are Welch 4 enabled to explore there own curiosity and interest, will learn better than the students that are provoked by prizes and punishments. Montessori goes on about the subject of prizes and punishments and basically says that with their presence in the classroom, students are being held back from their true educational potential. This supports her main argument because if teachers did not present their students with prizes and punishments, then they would be able to ââ¬Å"lead them into their true heritage of progressâ⬠(Montessori 580). What this means is, that if the student isnââ¬â¢t provoked to learn, he or she will obtain knowledge naturally and more efficiently. Maria Montessori pushes for social liberty in the classroom and emphasizes the freedom students deserve. Montessori argues that to be an effective educator, a teacher must learn how to educate the child from the child himself. Her use of analogies and appeals paints a picture for her audience and presents the point she is trying to get across in a more understandable way.
Saturday, March 21, 2020
Compare and Contrast Essay Sample on Hinduism and Buddhism
Compare and Contrast Essay Sample on Hinduism and Buddhism From egotism, force, pride,// Desire, wrath, and possession// Freed, unselfish, calmed,// He is fit for becoming Brahman (Bhagavad Gita XVIII.53). Hinduism and Buddhism are two of the worlds greatest and most influential religions. Both of these religions arose in South Asia, and thus stem from a similar philosophy and culture. While contrasting greatly with the monotheistic religions of the West, Hinduism and Buddhism also contrast greatly with each other. Although similar in respect to general philosophy, Hinduism and Buddhism differ greatly on matters of social structure. The two religions also contrast because Hinduism omits and Buddhism emphasizes individual freedom to progress spiritually and socially in the current life. By comparing the two religions, one can easily see why it is that Hinduism has proved the more stable and Buddhism the more humanitarian philosophy. Both Hinduism and Buddhism are more philosophical than religious. Both describe an all-encompassing philosophy and define existence itself. For instance, the essential Hindu concept defining the individual and his responsibilities is dharma. A convoluted term, dharma is a sense of obligation. One must fulfill his roles in society and the world. Such responsibilities include reproduction and caste duties, but extend into the philosophical realm of peaceful and humble acceptance of ones position. Dharma defines correct living for a Hindu. Buddhism has a similar concept, dhamma (note even the linguistic similarity). Dhamma does not imply specific biological or social obligations, but maintains a comparable philosophical construct. The Buddhist definition of right conduct and personal obligation, dhamma is the path which must be taken to escape the suffering of worldly life. Other similarities between Hinduism and Buddhism are more apparent. Both religions maintain a broad perspective of religious worship. Hinduism is polytheistic while Buddhism maintains no structured belief in an independent, sentient god-like entity (especially in human form). Either of these concepts yields a malleable religion which can adjust and conform to local tradition and fluctuations in intellectual and spiritual thought. Both religions believe in a system of reincarnation, and both religions emphasize the community over the self. The major rift between the two religions seems to stem from the role of social structure in the two religions. Hinduisms caste system perpetuates a fatalism and apathy toward social rights and advancement while reinforcing the ruling establishment. Buddhism concentrates on the individuals release from suffering, implying no overriding social definition. The outstanding example of Hinduisms establishment tendencies is the caste system. The caste system divides the Hindu people into four major classes, Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra, and untouchables, or people outside of all the classes. Members of certain castes have certain duties. Caste is determined by birth, allowing no social advancement, career choice, or individual freedom. The castes are socially ranked, forming an upper social division as well as lower ones. Caste, then, determines ones profession, ones potential education, ones social position, even defining these limitations for your children. These social limitations are reinforced by the concept that caste is determined by sins or virtues in a previous life: how well one fulfilled his dharma in the past. The responsibilities of ones current caste also constitute the dharma which will further advance or punish one in your next life. In other words, exceeding ones dharma in not only unnecessary, but in all probab ility will hurt your dharma, causing you to fall into a lower caste in your next life. This intertwining of social strata with religion creates a fatalism derived from inevitable destiny, guilt complexes of past life caste determination, a philosophy of acceptance, and fear of punishment for transcending ones dharma. In this light, Hinduism becomes a tremendous force for stagnation, eliminating the initiative for progress in a philosophy of acceptance which breeds an apathy for social justice. Such a pervasive philosophy becomes an asset to the status quo and ruling stratum, stabilizing the social structure at the expense of individuals. Buddhism, on the other hand, plays little role in the social or political structure of a society. Buddhism actually began as a reaction to the violence of Hindu society, including the brutality of the caste system. Buddhism concentrates not on the society, but on the individual, thus divorcing religion from the interests of the ruling stratum. The pessimism of Hindu reincarnation is replaced by a more optimistic and less fatalistic cycle. One is no longer born into a position due to past inequities. Although Buddhism does see life as pain and suffering and reincarnation as a renewal of this suffering, there is a potential escape. If one renounces his attachment to desire and self, Nirvana, or escape from the cycles of suffering, is possible. The most important aspect of Nirvana, however, is its unrestricted access to people of any social background. In other words, although a Hindu untouchable cannot possibly advance in this life through any extraordinary effort of his own, any Buddh ist can achieve Nirvana through the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, realizations of the essence of suffering and the methods to remove all suffering. Buddhism also seems to be less ritualistic and deity-dependent than Hinduism. Cultures across the world have created man-shaped gods to emphasize the dignity and purpose of human existence. In my opinion, this shows an emotional dependency which flaws a religious philosophy. If a religion is created to emotionally satisfy its followers, it seems to contain less truth or philosophical rightness. I believe this is the case with Hinduism. While Hinduism has man shaped gods to emphasize human dignity, Buddhism manages to instill a respect for humanity through the intellectual and spiritual capacity of man. This is evidenced by the supreme respect Buddhist have for those who achieve Nirvana, quasi-deifying these men, recognizing their superhuman wisdom and spirit while refusing to attribute them supernatural properties. The lack of an artificial diety to instill purpose in a religions followers makes Buddhism significantly different, and more advanced, than Hinduism. An especially important indicator of the contrast between Hinduism and Buddhism arises in their historical relationship. Buddhism, of course, arose as a reform movement out of Hinduism. This in itself tends to put Buddhism in a more positive light as the religion that integrated Hindu beliefs while excluding the most negative aspects of Hinduism. This turns out to be the case when the caste system is examined. While Hinduism not only perpetuates, but is itself the caste system, Buddhism utterly rejects any system of caste. Buddhism actually reached high levels of support during the rule of Ashoka, who adopted the Buddhist concept of ahimsa, or non violence, and its tendency toward greater equality. The attractiveness of a philosophy/religion of peace and general freedom, including a rejection of the social stigmas of caste for untouchables and lower caste members, brought thousands of converts. Again, however, the historical relationship of Hinduism and Buddhism shows the inherent ma lleability and strength of Hinduism. In order to integrate the Buddhist movement into Hinduism, the Buddha was made an avatar of Vishnu. Now even if one claimed to be a Buddhist, one could easily be dismissed as a Hindu. By erasing the demarcation between the two religions, Hinduism managed to absorb the Buddhist movement. This result shows the power of a religion so closely tied to the social structure. Because Hinduism pervaded the very fabric of society, it was able to stifle and absorb threatening philosophies. Buddhism, on the other hand, has no interest in the structural model of a society to effect similar results. Between Hinduism and Buddhism, I believe that Buddhism is more positive religion. The myths and history of Hinduism create a field of immensely greater interest than that of Buddhism. The culture of Hinduism also seems more captivating, although this is only by virtue of its distinct difference with Western class systems. Despite the draw Hinduism holds upon outsiders, Buddhism remains the more advanced religion. Whereas Hinduism represses others through caste, Buddhism projects ultimate acceptance. Both religions maintain an emphasis upon the community and a rejection of selfishness that is refreshingly different from Western religions. Although both of these religions instill respect and a genuine concern for others, Hinduism does so in a forced, repressive manner while Buddhism is more liberal. The relationship between Hinduism and Buddhism is much the same as between Catholicism and Protestantism. One can equate Catholicism with Hinduism and Protestantism with Buddhism. Protestantism grew as a reform movement out of Catholicism. The corruption, immorality, and restrictive power structure of the Catholic Church became so intolerable that Protestantism, a religion emphasizing the individuals personal relationship with the deity, was created. Protestantism offered more freedom and dignity to the people than did Catholicism. Although the religions are vastly different, Buddhism also grew out of the corruption, immorality, and restrictive power structure of Hinduism to give the people more freedom and dignity. Unfortunately, the comparison stops here since the philosophy of Protestantism did not support a selfless, dignified religion, while the very essence of Buddhism supports a selfless and dignified view of humanity. This again results from Buddhisms deemphasis on social ord er. Hinduism and Buddhism are very similar religions in comparison to the monotheistic religions of the West. On a direct comparison, however, the differences between Buddhism and Hinduism are great. Although the general tendencies of both religions lean toward the family and community, Hinduism does so at the expense of women and the lower castes while Buddhism remains more universally accepting. Both religions seem to have elements which would do the West good to learn, but only Buddhism lacks any large scale negative repercussions for its followers. On the basis of these criteria, Buddhism seems to have more positive character as a general life philosophy.
Wednesday, March 4, 2020
Placoid Scales on Sharks and Rays
Placoid Scales on Sharks and Rays Placoid scales are the tiny tough scales that cover the skin of sharks, rays, and other elasmobranchs. Even though placoid scales are similar to the scales of bony fish, they are modified teeth and are covered with hard enamel. They grow out of the dermis layer and this is why they are called dermal denticles. Placoid scales are packed tightly together, supported by spines, and grow with their tips facing backward. This gives the fishs skin a rough feel. The function of these scales is for protection against predators. In some sharks, they may also have a hydrodynamic function, helping them swim more efficiently and quietly. The placoid scales are shaped such that little vortices form, reducing friction as the shark swims. They also direct the water around the fish. The Structure of Placoid Scales The placoid scales grow out of the dermis, with the flat rectangular base plate embedded in the skin of the fish. Like our teeth, placoid scales have an inner core of pulp made up of connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves. Like the pulp cavity of a tooth, it is nursed by a layer of odontoblast cells that secrete dentine. This hard, calcified material forms the next layer. The dentine is covered by enamel-like vitrodentine, which is produced by the ectoderm. Once the scale erupts through the epidermis, no more enamel can be deposited on that portion of the scale. Different species have different kinds of spines develop to support the scales. The spines give the scales their rough texture. It is so rough that it has been used as sandpaper by various cultures form many centuries. The species of fish can be identified by the shape of the scales and spines. On some sharks, they are shaped like a duck foot. Scales in bony fish grow as the fish gets larger, but placoid scales stop growing after they reach a certain size, and then more scales are added as the fish grows. Shark Skin Leather The tough nature of the placoid scales makes shark rawhide leather, called shagreen. The scales are ground down so the surface is rough with rounded protrusions. It can take on dye colors or be left white. It was used in Japan to cover sword hilts, where its rough nature was appreciated to help form a good grip. Other Types of Fish Scales Ctenoid scales are another kind of toothed scales, but the teeth are only along the outer edge of the scale. They are found on fish such as perch that have spiny fin rays. Cycloid scales have a smooth texture and they are found on fish with soft fin rays, including salmon and carp. They are rounded and show growth rings as they grow with the animal. Ganoid scales are diamond-shaped and they do not overlap, but they fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. They are seen on gars, bichirs, and reedfishes, and they act like armor plates.
Monday, February 17, 2020
Career Design Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Career Design - Term Paper Example person involved in politics, I learned that there are actually intangible matters that are important and of lesser importance than others such as fairness rather than status, respect rather than recognition, health rather than stability, freedom rather than security, honesty rather than influence, and so on. This means that there are many important matters in life but there is a need to streamline which of them are the personal choices of an individual in order for him to determine his choices of action. 4) Values Assessment + Values alignment Paper: In 750 words or less, describe the alignment between your values and your career choice. How has your career and the role(s) you play in your professional life reflected your core values and beliefs? According to Cooper and Cottrell (2010), ââ¬Å"Clearly articulating oneââ¬â¢s professional purpose and professional values can clarify career direction as well as provide inspiration and ongoing career motivationâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (13). This means that in my choice of career, I have carefully balanced which are the most important values in my life and then made a career decision patterned after these values. As a professional, often times, I encounter co-workers that seek help at the workplace but after evaluating my role and their own roles, I learn that there are workloads that I should accomplish, and there are also loads that they need to accomplish. By being fair to myself and to them, I did my best to accomplish all tasks expected of me. Where tasks under their responsibility were delegated to me, I reminded them that the details of the task specifically states that it was their responsibility and that it is expected that they deliver the tasks. In addition, by doing what are expected of me, I am being fair to my employers and my fellow employees. I exercise respect towards all my colleagues and supervisors by avoiding rude speech and unacceptable actions such as letting them finish their message before bowing down to
Monday, February 3, 2020
Reflections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Reflections - Essay Example A good place to begin in this regard is with Carter's Three Step Integrity Model. To begin with step one: discerning what is right and what is wrong is not an innate behavior or characteristic; it is learned. Education is key to building up this moral faculty. This faculty is built up through experience and through principles. In a country as politically complicated and as diverse as the United States, this takes a lot of work. We can't shirk from hard work; we must embrace it. Step two: Sometimes integrity means acting on what you have discerned, even at personal cost. In our society, one would call a person who discerns and acts on what they have witnessed or experienced a "snitch". Many times in the justice arena a person who has witnessed a crime or an altercation, definitely could inform at personal cost-whether jeopardizing their lives or the lives of loved ones. An example a little closer to home would be, to discern something about a colleague or family member. This would definitely put one in an awkward position, especially if they have to confront the issue or if the issue jeopardizes the integrity of a company or violates a family member(s) trust; all at personal cost to that person. This more than likely would cause animosity, fear, loss of friendship and even, cost them their job or division in the family. The choice is a hard one; turning to faith is the best way to find an answer. Step three involves saying openly that you are acting on your understanding of right from wrong. Even if it costs you personally, it is important to be honest. You have to act on what you understand to be right and be honest with what knowledge you have. This too is part of integrity. 2. Interpersonal relations class. This class reminded me of a personal situation. When I was around 16 years old, the teacher in my class assigned all of us pen pals for the year. The pen pals were to be from the island of Malta, which is a small country in the Mediterranean near Sicily. I had never had a pen pal before. In fact I rarely wrote letters. It could be said that I was a shy child and did not have many friends. So I was a little bit nervous about having a pen pal as I didn't know how I felt about telling a stranger all about my life. My pen pal's name was Flavia and we soon began exchanging letters. While I might have been nervous at first, I soon began to really enjoy the experience. What I enjoyed most was getting to know another person in the way that I got to know Flavia. She was the same age as I was and with a lot of the same family background-the same amount of brother and sisters, for example-and from a similar socio-economic background. At first our letters simply introduced basic facts about our lives to one another. After a few letters doing this we began to talk about our routines-the sports we played, the kind of friends we had, the computer games we enjoyed. The more letters we exchanged, the closer I felt the two of us becoming. Soon we had graduated to begin to talk about what we thought about our lives, our societies, and cultures. We began to share personal details; this led to a bond that was built on trust. We both perceived each other as more fully formed people and began to understand what sort of stimuli influenced one another's perceptions and experiences of the world. Another important thing that made us feel closer together was the fact that over the months that
Sunday, January 26, 2020
Government Policy and Ideologies of Welfare
Government Policy and Ideologies of Welfare With reference to changes in government policy and ideologies of welfare, debate the significance of the shift from victorian ââ¬Ëpauper to 21st century ââ¬Ëservice user and its impact on social work practice and values. By charting changes in government policy and welfare ideologies, this essay will discuss the significance of the move from the Victorian ââ¬ËPauper towards the 21st century ââ¬ËService User and examine how this has influenced social work values and practice. But first, brief consideration must be given to offering a definition of these terms. The Oxford English Dictionary (2009: online) defines a pauper as somebody with no property or means of livelihood; who is dependent upon charity from others; and a beggar. Terminology has changed dramatically and the term ââ¬Ëservice user emerged in the 1990s as the generic name for people social workers work with (Pierson Thomas, 2006: 560). In contrast to ââ¬Ëpauper, the Collins Internet-Linked Dictionary of Social Work by Pierson and Thomas (2006: 560) states: ââ¬Å"its popularity has spread among practitioners, managers and social work educators alike as it seems to convey the more contemporary emphasis on those who receive the service having some rights and influence over that serviceâ⬠(Ibid.). All societies have methods of assisting those in financial difficulties (Payne, 2005: 13) and the 1601 English Poor Law was the first national welfare provision that lasted in one form or another for 350 years (Spicker, 2008: 78). However, in the 18th century, the Poor Law Report demonstrated the current allowance system was demoralising and promoted idleness (Fraser, 2009: 53). This, coupled with a proliferation of paupers and escalating relief costs, led to the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 which heralded the introduction of workhouses, designed to deter everyone but the destitute from applying for support (Thane, 1996: 31). It was hoped by replacing outdoor relief with the workhouse, the faults of the current system would be corrected (Fraser, 2009: 55). Ultimately, it provided a harsh alternative to self-help that the pauper would only accept when destitute; and fearing the workhouse, they would hopefully find employment (Ibid.: 55-56). This was in keeping with the general social p hilosophy of the time that supposed ââ¬Å"men were masters of their own fate and that the individual had within his grasp the power to find his own salvationâ⬠(Ibid.: 56). Those requiring assistance were blamed for their position and expected to find solutions to their own self-imposed misery (Sullivan, 1996: xiv). Therefore, the Victorian Poor Law divided the needy into the deserving and undeserving poor; with the deserving worthy of philanthropic assistance whilst the undeserving was punished for their feckless behaviour (Ibid.). In essence, the Amendment Act successfully forced able-bodied men to take responsibility for themselves (Thane, 1996: 33). Throughout the 1880s charitable responses to suffering grew (Payne, 2005: 36) and the Charitable Organisation Society was established in 1869, aiming to persuade charities to organise resources so they were distributed to those best able to use them (Thane, 1996: 21). The COS was not an alternative to the Poor Law, but the flip side of the same coin (Payne, 2005: 36) and its principles encouraged people to become self-dependent and only helped those with potential to support themselves (Thane, 1996: 21). It provided charity for the ââ¬Ëdeserving and hence, left those without potential to become self-dependent to destitution or the Poor Law (Ibid.: 21-34). Furthermore, COS endeavoured to find lasting solutions to peoples problems, without removing them from their environment and pioneered the practice of case-work whereby investigations were conducted into clients backgrounds who were then helped if deemed worthy (Ibid.). Much had to be said for this case-work approach, which provi ded a real attempt to investigate the nature of the peoples problems (Ibid.) and essentially, through the development of this method, created social work (Payne, 2005: 38). Many people following COS principles in theory found it challenging to abandon those in desperate need in practice (Thane, 1996: 23). Hence, dissatisfaction generated new voluntary approaches, including the Settlement Movement, which initiated modern community work (Ibid.). Residential settlement Toynbee Hall was established in 1884 where graduates would live and work among the poor; a model replicated throughout the country by the end of the century (Ibid.). It aimed for them to utilise their moral example and education to foster social development (Payne, 2005: 37) and its warden Samuel Barnett believed class harmony and material improvement would only improve when the rich regarded the poor as equally worthy individuals (Thane, 1996: 21). Moving to the twentieth century, following the Second World War, fundamental welfare changes were introduced under the Labour government in accordance with a blueprint proposed in the 1942 Beveridge Report (Bochel, 2008: 192). Subsequently, the period from 1945 until the 1970s is considered: ââ¬Å"One of political consensus on key issues, stemming from a combination of the economic philosophy of Keynes, and the social policy of Beveridge, enshrining the ideas of the mixed economy and the welfare stateâ⬠(Ibid.). During this period it was assumed societies had progressed, rendering the state responsible for providing universal welfare provision for citizens (Payne, 2005: 50). Subsequently, the state established a range of social services in the new era of welfare capitalism and this social security was regarded as the instrument that would eradicate poverty (Sullivan, 1996: xiii-3). The welfare state was created to put welfare on a new footing (Briggs, 1961 cited in Spicker, 2008: 121) where everyone, not just the poor, had the right to access services (Spicker, 2008: 121). This contrasted starkly to when support was confined to the destitute and deliberately made unpleasant under the Poor Law (Checkland Checkland, 1974 cited in Spicker, 2008: 121) and this commitment to universalism provided an obvious change from the past (Sullivan, 1996: 54). Moreover, social work was becoming accepted as part of universal welfare provision alongside health, housing and social security (Payne, 2005: 50) a nd in the 25 years following the war, a gradual professionalizing shift occurred (Lymberry, 2001: 371). Subsequently, following the 1968 Seebohm Report and the 1970 Local Authority Social Services Act, the three existing personal social services were reorganised into unified local authority departments (Sullivan, 1996: 195-196). It was hoped this would ââ¬Å"provide a more co-ordinated and comprehensive approach to the problems of individuals, families and communitiesâ⬠(Seebohm Report, 1968 quoted in Lymberry, 2001: 371). Fundamentally, this was a period of proliferation and consolidation for social work with the hope it would contribute towards creating a more equal society (Lymberry, 2001: 371). This movement to the welfare state from the Poor Law is referred to as the progression to ââ¬Ëinstitutional welfare from ââ¬Ëresidual provision (Wilensky Lebeaux, 1965 cited in Spicker, 2008: 92). Residual welfare catered for a limited number of people, was provided under sufferance and regarded as a public burden (Spicker, 2008: 92). Furthermore, the Poor Law was punitive in nature, limited liabilities through deterrence and deprived paupers of their rights (Ibid.). Contrastingly, institutional welfare covered the general populations needs, regardless of their financial circumstances, and offered protection to everyone (Ibid.). It was built on accepting mutual responsibility, considered dependency to be normal, and was based on the premise of a right to welfare and citizenship, (Ibid.). Theoretically, this universalism provided the only way to guarantee high quality of services were available for all and removed the stigma associated with state services (Sullivan, 1996: 54). During the two decades after the war, governments believed in Keynesian demand management techniques and Beveridges social ideas (Ibid.: 90). However, from the late 1960s these economic policies failed and the UK faced a fiscal crisis of the state (Ibid.). Subsequently, when the Conservatives were elected in 1979, the ideology of the New Right dominated and heralded a change from the post-war welfare consensus (Lymberry, 2001: 372). This period was characterised by Neo-liberal thinking, which fundamentally questioned the state-delivered institutions forming the welfare state, and these beliefs have affected policy-making and the welfare system during recent decades (Ellison, 2008: 61-67). For example, Thatchers government was dedicated to rolling back the state and denying mutual commitments among citizens because allegedly society did not exist but comprised of competing individuals instead (Lowe, 1999: 307). They aspired for those dependent on the state to become independent becaus e: ââ¬Å"If those in need were encouraged to look passively to the state for help, they would be denied the invigorating experience of self-help and of family or community careâ⬠(Ibid.). Therefore, the New Right were committed to re-moralising society, just as Poor Law reformers of the 1830s had before them, with a return to Victorian values (Ibid.). This generated a reduction in benefits and conditions stipulated for accessing these were toughened (Clarke et al., 2000: 3). Furthermore, an increasing stigma was attached to publicly provided welfare and it was, in some respects, criminalised by linking US notions of ââ¬Ëwelfare dependency and ââ¬Ëdemoralisation to UK ideas of ââ¬Ëscrounging and ââ¬Ëundeserving (Ibid.). Fundamentally, welfare had come full circle when: ââ¬Å"Individualism as the motor of economic and social policy in the nineteenth and early twentieth centurys gave way to the collectivism of that classic welfare state only to re-emerge in the late twentieth centuryâ⬠(Sullivan, 1996: xv). New Right emphasis on the sanctity of marriage and family, the demonization of those who threatened these and their promotion of a social order based on ââ¬ËVictorian values impacted on social work (Lymberry, 2001: 372). It was forced to abandon its pretensions to providing a universalist service and focus on statutory duties, omitting the preventative remit laid out in the Seebohm Report (Ibid.). Furthermore, it underlined individuals looking after themselves and their families (Bochel, 2008: 194). Subsequently, social work changed after the Barclay Report of the 1980s, which introduced community social work strategies and encouraged local authority social services departments to develop alternative ways of meeting social need (Sullivan, 1996: 196). This approach envisaged moving from the traditional one-to-one focus towards facilitating self-help by communities, social networks, and individuals (Ibid.). Moreover, it heralded the movement of social workers from therapists to enab lers, supporting informal carers instead of providing the care themselves (Ibid.). When looking at New Labour and their ââ¬ËThird Way approach, a decisive shift has occurred in the role of the recipients of social work services. For example, Blair (2000 cited in Jordan, 2001: 529) intended to change the welfare state from delivering passive support towards active support, promoting citizens independence instead. Taking the middle ground between free-market principles of the Conservative years and old style socialism it meant services would demand more from citizens, requiring people to contribute to a responsible community (Jordan, 2001: 529-530). This tougher approach to welfare is evident in expecting many single parents, the disabled, and those receiving employment benefits to actively seek employment (Ellison, 2008: 67). Additionally, benefits are now less generous and more strictly means-tested than in the height of Keynesian welfare (Ibid.). Furthermore, the development of anti-oppressive practice signals a change in the attitudes towards the role of users of social work services. Anti-oppressive practice has emerged over the last decade, forms part of the critical social work tradition, and is concerned with transforming power relations at every level in practice (Healy, 2005: 172-178). Theorists believe the social work role is political with social workers holding a privileged status in comparison to service users (Ibid). Therefore, social workers must be critical and reflective in order to not replicate oppressive social relations in practice (Ibid.). Furthermore, it promotes working in partnership with service users with power genuinely shared at both an interpersonal and institutional level (Dalrymple and Burke, 1995: 65 cited in Healy, 2005: 187). Thus, service users opportunities for participation in decision-making should be maximised (Healy, 2005: 187). Social work has been affected by the unabated advancement of consumer capitalism and service users are expected to be more involved in arranging and managing services (Harris, 2009: 67). The New Right ideas emphasised that citizens had a right to freedom and choice (Ibid.: 68) and recent Conservative and Labour administrations have encouraged citizens to participate in welfare services; utilising market-like approaches to consultation and increased empowerment in decision-making (Bochel, 2008: 194). Efforts have been made to promote service user participation in planning and development with the view that their active role improves health and social care services (Carr, 2004: 2). Furthermore, the importance of individual choice in improving provider effectiveness, the notion of citizens rights and responsibilities and a belief that individuals involvement in decision-making results in solutions that better meet their needs have been underlined (Bochel, 2008: 194-195). This is evident in the Direct Payments scheme, endorsed on the basis of choice and independence, and demonstrates that the state increasingly expects citizens to be competent enterprising, managerial and autonomous individuals (Scourfield, 2007: 108). However, as Scourfield (Ibid.) asserts this raises concerns about dependent citizens and emphasises: ââ¬Å"a danger of using independence and choice as central organizing principles is to forget how and why the public sector emerged in the first placeââ¬âto ensure that those who are necessarily dependent are treated with respect and dignity, to ensure a collectivized approach to risk, and to ensure that secure and reliable forms of support outside of the market or the family are availableâ⬠. Additionally, as Carr (2004: 2) found, the extent to which service user participation leads to improvements in services varies and there is little monitoring and evaluation of the difference user participation is making. Furthermore, despite citizenship, choice, community, social inclusion and autonomy being key to New Labours programme, (Blair, 1998 cited in Humphries, 2004: 95) Humphries (2004: 95) contends Labours pursuing of neo-liberal economic and morally repressive policies has degraded public services; punishing and excluding those ââ¬Å"regarded as having been ââ¬Ëgiven a chance but having ââ¬Ëfailedâ⬠. She proposes it is social workers who are expected to implement the surveillance systems that operate these policies and under New Labour a shift has occurred towards social work having an increasingly negative and narrow practice focussed on restriction, surveillance, control and exclusion (Ibid.: 93-95). Thus, social work is concerned with the moralistic side of Labours policies rather than with empowering people instead (Jordan, 2001 cited in Humphries, 2004: 94). Moreover, since 1993, increasingly punitive and repressive measures have been introduced to deter asylum seekers from coming to Britain and if they are granted access they enter an inhumane and inferior ââ¬Ëwelfare system (Humphries, 2004: 100). Acts such as the 1993 Asylum and Immigration Appeals Act and the 1996 Asylum and Immigration Act removed those subject to immigration controls from the welfare state (Ibid.: 101) and Cohen (2003 cited in Humphries, 2004: 101) describes the asylum support system as the creation of a modern day poor law based on coercion and lack of choice. This essay has documented the move from the use of the Victorian term ââ¬Ëpauper to the 21st century term ââ¬Ëservice user by looking at shifts in government policy and welfare ideologies and its impact on social work. Looking back, one would hope we have progressed from the Victorian Poor Law that blamed the pauper for their need of assistance and deterred them from accessing support by rendering it as unpleasant as possible. However, when observing the stringent means-tested benefit system and New Labours tough approach welfare, ascertaining whether we have moved forward becomes questionable. Zarb (2006: 2), referring to how older couples can be separated due to housing and care allocation, questions whether citizens are still treated like the paupers in the Poor Law era who were regularly split up for not meeting the parishes criteria for support. Furthermore, to finish, Wynne-Jones (2007: online), writing on the Joseph Rowntree Foundation website, highlights that today the media still assigns different types of morality to types of poverty: ââ¬Å"The undeserving poor are the Asbo kids and the hoodies, the drug-addicted and long-term unemployed. On the other hand, the ââ¬Ëdeserving poor look a lot like middle Englanders fallen on hard timesâ⬠. Having spent time with a group of troubled young people on a Peckham estate, following the death of Damilola Taylor in 2000, she believes that it is through the stereotyped comedy characters such as Little Britains ââ¬ËVicky Pollard that Middle England reveals how threatened it feels about the ââ¬Ëundeserving poor; utilising comedy as a means of criticising our societies ââ¬Ëunderclass (Ibid.). She maintains that as Middle England laughs from the unease that people like this exist on our poorest estates, years on from Damilolas death, we are still failing those, like the group in Peckham, who are ââ¬Å"damaged so badly by life that their only empowerment is to attack othersâ⬠(Ibid.). Therefore, to conclude, whilst a change in terminology has occurred moving from ââ¬Ëpauper to ââ¬Ëservice user, it is problematic determining how far attitudes towards those in need of assistance have genuinely changed for the better. Reference List Bochel, C. (2008) ââ¬Å"State Welfareâ⬠in Alcock, P. et al., (2008) The Students Companion to Social Policy, 3rd Ed, Oxford: Blackwell. Carr, S. (2004) ââ¬Å"SCIE Position paper 3 Summary: Has service user participation made a difference to social care services?â⬠available at http://www.scie.org.uk/publications/positionpapers/pp03-summary.pdf accessed on 17th December 2009. Clarke, J. et al. (2000) ââ¬Å"Reinventing the Welfare Stateâ⬠in Clarke, J. et al. (2000) New Managerialism: New Welfare? London: Sage. Ellison, N. (2008) ââ¬Å"Neo-Liberalismâ⬠in Alcock, P. et al., (2008) The Students Companion to Social Policy,3rd Ed, Oxford: Blackwell. Fraser, D. (2009) The Evolution of the British Welfare State, 4th Ed, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Harris, J. (2009) ââ¬Å"Customer-citizenship in modernised social workâ⬠in Modernising Social Work: Critical Considerations, Bristol: Policy Healy, K (2005) Social Work Theories in Context: Creating Frameworks for Practice, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Humphries, B. (2004) ââ¬Å"An Unacceptable Role for Social Work: Implementing Immigration Policyâ⬠British Journal of Social Work 34: 93-107 available at http://bjsw.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/34/1/93 accessed on 17th December 2009. Jordan, B. (2001) ââ¬Å"Tough Love: Social Work, Social Exclusion and the Third Wayâ⬠, British Journal of Social Work 31: 527- 546. Lowe, R. (1999) The Welfare State in Britain Since 1945, 2nd Ed, Houndmills, Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan Lymberry, M. (2001) ââ¬Å"Social Work at the Crossroadsâ⬠, British Journal of Social Work 31: 369-384 available at http://bjsw.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/31/3/369 accessed on 22nd December 2009. Oxford English Dictionary (2009) available at www.oed.com accessed on 23rd November 2009. Payne, M. (2005) The Origins of Social Work: Continuity and Change, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Pierson, J. Thomas, M. (2006) Collins Internet-Linked Dictionary of Social Work, Glasgow: Harper Collins. Scourfield, P. (2007) ââ¬Å"Social Care and the Modern Citizen: Client, Consumer, Service User, Manager and Entrepreneurâ⬠British Journal of Social Work 37: 107-122 available at http://bjsw.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/cgi/reprint/37/1/107?maxtoshow=HITS=10hits=10RESULTFORMAT=1title=Social+Care+and+the+Modern+Citizen%3A+Client%2C+Consumerandorexacttitle=andandorexacttitleabs=andandorexactfulltext=andsearchid=1FIRSTINDEX=0sortspec=relevanceresourcetype=HWCIT accessed on 24th November 2009. Spicker, P. (2008) Social Policy: Themes and Approaches,2nd Ed, Bristol: Policy. Sullivan, M. (1996) The Development of the British Welfare State, London: Prentice Hall Thane, P. (1996) Foundations of the Welfare State, 2nd Ed, London ; New York : Longman. Wynne-Jones, R. (2007) ââ¬Å"Deserving vs Undeservingâ⬠available at http://www.jrf.org.uk/reporting-poverty/journalists-experiences/deserving-undeserving accessed on 16th December 2009. Zarb, G. (2006) ââ¬Å"From Paupers to Citizens: Independent Living and Human Rightsâ⬠available at http://www.scie.org.uk/news/events/humanrights06/gerryzarb.pdf accessed on 17th December 2009.
Saturday, January 18, 2020
Relevance of Fit Between HR Strategy and Business Strategy
Nadler and Tushman (1980) defined congruence or fit as ââ¬Å"the degree to which the needs demands, goals, objectives and/or structure of one component are consistent with the needs, demands, goals, objectives, and/or structure of another componentâ⬠(as cited in Boon, 2008). Fit between HR Strategy and business strategy According to U.S. Office of Personnel Management (1999), fit between HR strategy and business strategy means to integrate decisions about people with decisions about the results an organization is trying to obtain. To be able to achieve fit between HR strategy and business strategy, the HR Managers have to identify the real goals of the business, the business way, how to reach the goals and the real needs of the business from Human Resources (Luke, 2010). Some management tend to put the needs of their employees first, but this is not what the business usually asks for. Fit operates vertically and horizontally (Scribner et al, 2008). Vertical fit refers to the alignment of HR practices with the specific organizational context, and horizontal fit refers to the alignment of HR practices into a coherent system of practices that support one another (Delery, 1998). Relevance of fit between business strategy and SHRM The central debate about fit between HR strategy and business strategy is one of the most important to emerge in recent years (Helen Newell and Harry Scarbrough, 2002). It hinges on two broad approaches: the ââ¬Ëuniversalisticââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëcontingencyââ¬â¢ (Natalie Turner, n.d). The universalistic perspective ââ¬Å"best practiceâ⬠argues that some HR practices are universally effective; regardless in which context they are implemented (Boom, 2008). These practices include items such as (Newell & Scarbrough, 2002), employment security, selective hiring, self-managed teams or team working, high pay contingent on companyââ¬â¢s performance, extensive training, reduction of status differences, and sharing information (Pfeffer & Veiga, 1999). Pfeffer & Veiga believe that if these policies are followed, they would always result in organisational success. The universalistic theory is also based on the assumption that HR practices observed in high-performing firms can be transformed to other companies with the same results (Armstrong, 2009). In contrast with universalistic thinking, contingency scholars argued that HR strategy would be more effective only when appropriately integrated with a specific organizational and environmental context (Chang & Huang 2005). This approach infers that the choice of HR strategy depends on the firmââ¬â¢s business strategy (Newell & Scarbrough, 2002). The approach is more akin to the idea of strategic fit because it claims that the optimal HR strategy choice depends on the unique characteristics of the individual organisation (Natalie Turner n.d), or the organisationââ¬â¢s strategy (Newell & Scarbrough, 2002). For instance, a cost-reduction business strategy would require a different set of HRM policies than a strategy based on innovation. ââ¬Å"An HRM strategy to fit with cost reduction might require deskilling, management control and downward pressure on wages. In contrast, one aimed at innovation would be likely to foster employee skills, autonomy and competitive wagesâ⬠( Newell & Scarbrough, 2002:28). Other models have also emphasised the relevant of fit between HR strategy and business strategy. These include the Matching model, Life Cycle model, Harvard Model, and the behavioural perspective. The matching model argues that human resource strategies have a tight fit to the overall strategies of the business (Association of Business Executives, ABE; 2010). The basic premise of the life cycle model is that, as organisation grows and develops, human resource practices and procedures must change to meet it needs (Armstrong, 2009). Authors of Harvard model argue that any inconsistency between internal human resource management practices and competitive strategy is likely to lead to role conflict and ambiguity that can interfere with individual performance and organisational effectiveness (ABE, 2010). The behavioural perspective infers that firmââ¬â¢s business strategy must be matched with the specific HR policies and practices, which will elicit particular sets of employee attitude s and behaviours to foster success (Wang & Shyu, 2007). Baron and Kreps (1999) also argue that besides the fit between the individual practices, the HR system should fit with the broader context of what the firm is trying to do, such as the external environment, the workforce, organizationââ¬â¢s culture, organizational strategy, technology of production and organization of work. According to Boxall (1992), ââ¬Å"HRM cannot be conceptualized as a stand-alone corporate issue. Strategically speaking it must flow from and be dependent upon the organizationââ¬â¢s (market oriented) corporate strategyâ⬠. Importance of fit between an organisationââ¬â¢s business strategy and its HR strategy Evidence have shown that to achieve superior organisation performance, there must be a distinct link between human resource strategies and organisations business strategies (ABE, 2010) An excellent example of a company that has matched its business strategy to its human resource strategy is the Lincoln Electric Company in USA. A producer of electrodes and welding machinery, Lincoln is also a cost leader. Lincoln focuses on hiring individually motivated, high performers. These individuals have their compensation tightly linked to their output with laid-down minimum quality levels. A substantial portion of the companyââ¬â¢s profits is also distributed to employees at the end of the year based on an individual merit rating that is computed from output, ideas and cooperation, dependability and quality. Lincolnââ¬â¢s innovative HR strategy enabled it to gain, by 1995, a market share of 36% in the otherwise fragmented US market for welding equipment and supplies. (Source: Krishnan, 2005). Also, organisations are now using HR strategy to further strategic aims. For example, At Conventry Building Society, the strategic aim was to keep the business as it was ââ¬â one of the few remaining mutual ââ¬â but to reduce staff turnover. The society aligned its employee relations with its customer value, enshrined in the slogan ââ¬Å"TLC not plc.â⬠It switched from a traditional reward structure to a team-based pay and a benefits package called ââ¬Å"TLC for staffâ⬠(Source: ABE, 2010). Factors that determine fit between HR strategy and business strategy Fit between HR strategy and business strategy is influenced by both external and internal factors. Some of these factors are discussed briefly below. Technological changes: Technological advances alter jobs, create new skills, make occupations obsolete, and revise what employees need to lean and be trained to do (Ozutku & Ozturkler 2009). Legislation/regulations: For example, the National minimum wage introduced by labour party in England had a significant effect on costs which has led to changes in employment practices in some industries and changes to personnel policies (ABE, 2010). Employee knowledge and skills: Employees knowledge and skills directly affect the quality and performance of the HR system (Wright & Snell 1998). Arguably, more knowledgeable and skilful employees will have competencies to understand and enact a variety of HR practices, such as those designed for a firmââ¬â¢s specific strategy (Wei, 2006). Culture: Several evidences have shown that culture plays a critical role in determining the right HR strategy to adopt. For example, when Lincoln Electric Company applied its HR strategy in ventures acquired outside the United States, it failed because of difference in culture both at societal and organisational levels (Krishnan, 2005). Life cycle stages: Organizations go through evolutionary life cycles, and the stage in which an organization finds itself in an industry affects the HR strategies it should adopt (Armstrong, 2009). Industry/sector characteristics: In analysing HR practices, classification of organisations as manufacturing and service firms is considered. This is because; different production processes necessitate different HR practices (Ozutku & Ozturkler 2009).
Thursday, January 9, 2020
A Neutral View of Research Paper on Heart Disease
A Neutral View of Research Paper on Heart Disease The Importance of Research Paper on Heart Disease Attempting to pin down the causes of aging or a specific disease is similar to attempting to pin down the main cause of crime. Heart attacks occur for a range of explanations. The causes of stress differ from person to person, even though there are lots of stressors. Everyone feels stress in various ways and reacts to it in various ways. The Meaning of Research Paper on Heart Disease Exercise is a most important contributing aspect to the quantity of visceral fat. It's very tough to come to a last conclusion on the advantages of low carbohydrate diets like The Atkins Diet. You are able to reverse your diabetes utilizing diet alone, perhaps with a modest additional exercise thrown in. The beating-diabetes diet is straightforward. Eating foods containing potassium is essential for controlling blood pressure since it blunts the consequences of sodium. Potassium impacts the balance of fluids within the body. Sodium Sodium is a crucial nutrient. In the event the heart cannot be stimulated by the shocks delivered, death will end within minutes. Even though it continues to work, it is severely impaired. The causes of coronary disease vary by type of cardiovascular disease. To summarize, cardiovascular disease and stroke are among the main cause of death in Barbados. Most doctors still refuse to provide the procedure. Treatments could include medicines and health care procedures like coronary angioplasty. The Importance of Research Paper on Heart Disease Many forms of coronary disease can be avoided or treated with healthy lifestyle choices. Clinical study has indicated that the growth of atherosclerosis occurs in childhood. Children who have obesity are more at risk The danger of developing different diseases isn't just because of obesity. Heart disease is an umbrella term for virtually any form of disorder that impacts the heart. Knowing the truth is critical, she adds, particularly for people that are concerned about cardiovascular disease or are at higher-than-average risklike, for instance, anyone with high triglycerides. Antiarrhythmic drugs are categorized into four groups. So taking drugs to deal with your diabetes would look like an intelligent thing to do. Employing the curves it's possible to see if a kid has obesity or obesity. It is normal for children that are overweight to have a decrease self-esteem. Becoming overweight is every time a kid weighs so much that it's deemed unhealthy. Becoming overweight isn't a disease, but children that are overweight are in danger of developing obesity. In the event the paper is urgent and very complicated, the purchase price will be higher, but in case you have time to wait, then we can offer lower prices. Everything is prepared for its final conclusion. Working with a personalized service needs to be not only reasonably priced but also powerful. It's essential for customers to be certain that all instructions are clear for their writer. The Good, the Bad and Research Paper on Heart Disease Heart disease research papers can concentrate on numerous elements associated with cardiovascular issues related to heart disease. Johns Hopkins experts are on the top edge of research to stop and t reat cardiovascular disease. Managing stress is an excellent idea for your general wellbeing, and researchers are studying whether managing stress is effective for heart disease. Cardiovascular System research papers analyze the organ system which regulates the body. Differences in heart disease related to current shifts weren't detected. Severe obesity is known as obesity and is regarded as a disease. Heart disease symptoms depend on what sort of heart disease you've got. There are lots of symptoms related to endocarditis. High blood glucose levels aren't the very same as diabetes. Researchers proposed that the reason behind the higher rate of coronary disease might have become the overzealous treatment of hypertension. There are a number of ways to stop cardiovascular disease, researchers say a range of risk factors that add to the disease. Besides the phylogenetic aspects contributing the familial history of myocardial infarction and related medical conditions like high blood pressure, it's evident there are other risk factors.
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